7. KHUTAB V

i
S E L E C T E D
K H U Ṭ A B V
(SERMONS & SPEECHES)
14 Dec. 2012 – 28 June, 2013
*
BY
MUHAMMAD AMIN A. SAMAD
CANBERRA, JUNE, 2013
ii
بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحمْنِ الرّحِيْم
وَ بِه نَسْتَعِيْن
فِيْ أُمُوْرِ الدُّنْ يَا وَ الدِّيْن
iii
Contents ……………………………………………… iii
Transliteration …………………………………........ iv
Preface ……………………………………………... v
A. Introduction to the Khuṭbah ………………...…… vi
B. Some Examples of Du‘ā’ for the
Second Khuṭbah …………………….. vii
1. The Significance of Farā’iḍ (Islamic Law
of Inheritance) …………………………… 1
2. Out of Context …………………. 6
3. The Meanings of Ḥadīth ………………… 12
4. Fear and Grief (1) ……………………… 19
5. Fear and Grief (2) ……………………… 25
6. Futile Deeds …………………………….. 32
7. Inkār al-Sunnah (1) ………………………….. 35
8. Shaykh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī’s Commentary
on Making Friendship (Alliance, Loyalty)
to Non-Muslims …………………………… 42
9. Child and Wife-Beating in Islam ………. 48
10. Time will Come …………………………… 55
11. The Meanings of Walī ond its Derivatives …. 61
12. Doubtful Matters (1) ……………….. 68
13. Inkar Sunnah (2) …………………….. 73
14. Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbās (1) ……………… 79
15. The Meanings of Jihād and its Derivatives ….. 85
16. Ṣadaqah in Islam ………………………… 91
17. Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbās (2) ……………… 101
18. Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbās (3) ……. ……… 107
19. Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbās (4) ……………….. 113
20. Means and Objectives ………………… 119
iv
TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM
The English transliteration for Arabic names and terms followed
in this booklet is as follows:
a. Consonants:
ا = a or ’ ب = b ت = t ث = th ج = j
ح = ḥ خ = kh د = d ذ = dh ر = r
ز = z س = s ش = sh ص = ṣ ض = ḍ
ط = ṭ ظ = ẓ ‘ = غ ع = gh ف = f
ق = q ك = k ل = l م = m ن = n
ه = h و = w ي = y ء = ’ (like alif)
b. Vowels:
Short: Long:
Fath.ah --َ --- : = a ا = ā
Kasrah --َ --- : = i ي = ī
D.ammah--َ --- : = u و = ū
c. Tā’ marbūṭah: ah, e.g., sūrah ( ( سوْ رة
Tā’ marbūṭah in iḍāfah: at, e.g., sūrat al-Baqarah ( ( سوْ رة اْل ب ق رة
d. Alif maqṣūrah: á, e.g., qad.á ( ق ضى ) and shūrá ( ( شوْ رى
v
بِسْمِِ اِللِِ اِلرَّحْمَنِِ اِلرَّحِيْم
PREFACE
This booklet is the fifth part of my collection of speeches and
writings from 14 December, 2012 till 28 June, 2013, entitled Khutab
V. They were delivered at the muṣallā (place of prayer) at the Multi-
Cultural Centre, Canberra Museum and Gallery building, Civic Square,
Canberra.
The abbreviations used in this booklet are: (1) s.a.w. (and (.ص.م
for ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wa sallam (and صلّى الل عل يْ ه و سلَّمْ ) meaning “may
Allah bless him and grant him salvation”, sometimes translated as
“peace be upon him” (p.b.u.h.), an eulogy after the name of Prophet
Muhammad, (2) a.s. ( ع.س .) for ‘alayhis salām ( عل يْ ه السَّلامْ ) meaning
“upon him be peace” usually used after the names of angels and
prophets before Prophet Muhammad s.a.w., (3) and r.a. ( ر.ع .) for
raḍiyallāhu ‘anhu (and ر ض ي الل عنْ ه ) meaning “may Allah be please
with him” usually used after the names of the ṣaḥābah (companions
of the Prophet).
It has been like an accident that before leaving a certain place I
left a booklet behind. The booklet Khuṭab I (the collection of
speeches and sermons at the Canadian Islamic Centre, al-Rashid
Mosque) before leaving Edmonton (Canada) for Australia; Khuṭab II
(the collection of sermons at the Canberra Islamic Centre) at
Monash, ACT, before leaving for overseas (the longest and happiest
travel I have ever made); the Khuṭab III before leaving for Indonesia
and Malaysia in September 2007; Khuṭab IV, was the collection of
my sermon at the ANUMA delivered until the first quarter of the year
2011, and published later at the end of this year after recovering
from the operation of removing the aortic aneurism of my stomach
on 11 June. This Khuṭab V is the collection of my khuṭbah at the
vi
prayer room at the Multicultural Centre, Canberra Museum and
Gallery building, at Civic Square, Canberra, from the end of
December, 2012 till the end of June, 2013.
This booklet, like the booklets written before, is far from
perfect. However, this is another attempt to introduce some Islamic
teachings to the public. May Allah accept this humble contribution to
Islam, and may He forgive any mistake in this booklet. Amin!
Canberra, July, 2013
M.A.S.
A. INTRODUCTION FOR THE KHUṬBAH
This is an example for the introduction to the khuṭbah as follows:
- أ لْ حمْ د لِ نحْ م ده و نسْ ت عيْ ن ه و نسْ تغْ ف ره و نسْ تهْ ديْ ه و ن عوْ ذ با لِ منْ ش روْ ر أ نْف س نا و منْ
سيِّ ئا ت أ عْ مال نا ، منْ يهْ د الل ف ه و الْ مهْ ت د و منْ يضْل لْ فل نْ ت ج د ل ه ول يًّّا مرْ شدًّا ، و أ شْ ه د أ نْ
ل إ ل ه إ لَّ الل وحْ ده ل ش ريْ ك ل ه، يبْد ئ و ي عيْ د و ه و اْل غف وْ ر الْ و دوْ د ذو اْل عرْ ش الْ م جيْ د ,
فعَّا ل ل ما ي ريْ د , عزَّ جا ره و ت با ر ك اسْ م ه و علا شأْ ن ه سبْ حا ن ه و ت عال ى عمَّا يفْ ت ري الْ مفْ ت روْ ن
و ي ت قوَّ ل ال مْش ر كوْ ن . و أ شْ ه د أ نَّ م حمَّدًّا عبْ ده و ر سوْ ل ه و ص فيُّ ه و خ ليْل ه و كل يْ م ه ، سلَّ
الرِّ سال ة و أ دَّى اْلأ ما ن ة و ن ص ح اْلأ مَّ ة ، أ رْ سل ه الل ب شيْر اًّ و ن ذيْرًّا و دا عي ا إ ل ى الل و
س راجًّا م نيْرًّا منْ ي ط ع الل و ر سوْل ه ف قدْ ر ش د و م ن يعْ ص ه ما فإنَّ ه ل ي ضرُّ إل نفْ س ه ول
ي ضرُّ الل شيْئًّا. أ للَّ همَّ صلِّ و سلِّمْ و با ركْ عل ى عبْ د ك و ر سوْل ك سيِّ د نا م حمَّ د و عل ى آل ه و
صحْ ب ه أ جْ م عيْ ن . م ن اهْ ت دى ب هدْ ي ه و اسْ تمْ س ك ب سنَّ ت ه و سلِّمْ تسْل يْمًّا ك ثيْرًّا
- أ لْ حمْ د لِ نحْ م ده و نسْ ت عيْ ن ه و نسْ تغْ ف ره و نسْ تهْ ديْ ه و ن عوْ ذ با لِ منْ ش روْ ر أ نْف س نا و منْ
سيِّ ئا ت أ عْ مال نا ، منْ يهْ د ه الل فلا م ضلَّ ل ه و منْ يضْل لْ فلا ها د ي ل ه ، و أ شْ ه د أ نْ ل إ ل ه
إ ل الل وحْ ده ل ش ريْ ك ل ه، ل ه ال م ل ك و ل ه ال ح مْ د ي حْ ييْ و ي م ي ت و ه و ع ل ى ك لِّ ش يْ ء ق د ير. و
أ شْ ه د أ نَّ م حمَّدًّا عبْ ده و ر سوْل ه ، أ رْ سل ه الل ب اْل ه د ى و د ي ن ال ح قِّ ل يظْ ه ر ه ع ل ى الدِّ ي ن ك لَّ ه
و ل وْ ك ر ه ال ك ا ف ر وْ ن. و أ ص لَّيْ و أ س لّمْ ع ل ى ال م ب ع وْ ث ر حْ م ةًّ ل ل ع ا ل م ي ن ه ا د يا و م بشِّ رًّ ا و ن ذيْرًّا
و دا عي ا إ ل ى الل ب إ ذْ ن ه و س راجًّا م نيْرًّا و عل ى آل ه و أ صْ ح ا ب ه الطَّ ي ب ي ن الطّا ه ر ي ن و م نْ
و ا ل ه مْ ب إ حْ س ا ن إ ل ى يوْ م الدَّ ين .
vii
أ مَّا بعْ د ، ف يا أ يُّ ها اْل مؤْ م نوْ ن، أ وْ صيْ كمْ و إ ياَّ ي ب تقْ وى الل ف قدْ فا ز اْل متَّق وْ ن . قا ل ت عال ى
و ه و أ صْ د ق ال قا ئ ل ين:” يا أ يُّ ها الَّ ذي ن آ م نوا اتَّق وا الل حقَّ ت قا ت ه و ل ت مو تنَّ إ لَّ وأ نْ تمْ مسْل مو ن “ .
ص د ق الل اْل ع ظيْم.
B. SOME EXAMPLES OF THE DU‘Ā’ (SUPPLICATION)
AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE SECOND KHUTBAH
After performing the first khuṭbah stand up again for the
second khuṭbah citing its introduction briefly, such as the following:
- أ لْ حمْ د لِ ربِّ الْ عال ميْن. و أ شْ ه د أ نْ ل إ ل ه إ ل الل و أ شْ ه د أ نَّ م حمَّدًّا ر سوْ ل الل. أ للَّ همَّ صلِّ
عل ى م حمَّ د و عل ى آل ه و صحْ ب ه أ جْ م عيْ ن .
Some examples of du‘ā’s and its meanings in the second
khuṭbah, are as follows:
أ للَّ همَّ اغْ فرْ ل لْ مسْل ميْ ن و الْ مسْل ما ت والْ مؤْ م نيْ ن و الْ مؤْ م نا ت الْأ حْ يا ء منْ همْ و اْلأ مْ وا ت،
إنَّ ك يا موْل نا س ميْ ع ق ريْ ب م جيْ ب الدَّ ع وا ت و قا ضي الْ حا جا ت يا ربَّ الْ عال ميْ ن
O Allah! Forgive the Muslims, males and females, the believers, males
and females, the living among them as well as the dead! Verily, You
are, O our Lord, the All-Hearing and Near, Who answer (our) prayers,
and fulfil (our) needs, O the Lord of all creatures.
أ للَّ همَّ نوِّرْ عل ى أ هْ ل اْلق بوْر ق بوْ ر همْ؛ ا للَّ همَّ اغْ فرْ ل لْْ حْ يا ء و يسِّرْ ل همْ أ موْ ر همْ .
“O Allah! Lighten the graves of the dead, O Allah,
forgive the living and facilitate their affairs.”
أ للَّ همَّ تبْ عل ى التَّا ئ بيْ ن و اغْ فرْ ذ نوْ ب اْل مذْ ن بيْ ن و اشْ ف مرْ ضى اْل مسْل ميْ ن و اكْ ت ب
.الصِّحَّ ة و الْ عا ف ي ة و التَّوْ فيْ ق و الْ ه دا ي ة ل نا و ل كافَّ ة أ مَّ ة م حمَّ د أ جْ م عيْ ن
O Allah! Forgive the repentant, forgive the sins of the
sinners, heal the sick among the Muslims, prescribe wellbeing,
vitality, prosperity and guidance for us and for
the entire community of Muhammad.
viii
ربَّ نا اغْ فرْ ل نا و ل وال ديْ نا و ارْ حمْ ه ما ك ما ربَّ يا نا ص غارًّا
“O Lord! Forgive us as well as our parents and bestow on them
Your mercy as they did bring us up when we were young.”
أ للَّ همَّ اْصْل ح ل نا ديْ ن نا الَّ ذيْ ه و عصْ م ة أ مْ ر نا، و اصْل حْ ل نا دنْ يا نا الَّ تيْ فيْ ها م عا ش نا،
و اصْل حْ ل نا آ خ ر ت نا الَّ تيْ إ ل يْ ها م عا د نا، و اجْ ع ل الْ ح يا ة ز يا دةًّ ل ن ا فيْ كلِّ خيْ ر
و اجْ ع ل الْ موْ ت را حةًّ ل نا منْ كلِّ ش ر
O Allah! Bring prosperity to our affairs in this world that is the
preservation of our lives, and in the next world to which we shall
return, and increase our good deeds in our lives,
and make our death repose from evil.
أ للَّ همَّ أ ر نا الْ حقَّ حقًّّا وارْ زقْ نا اتِّ با ع ه وأ ر نا اْل با ط ل با طلا وارْ زقْ نا اجْ ت نا ب ه
O Allah! Show us the truth as truth, and guide to follow it, and
Show us the falsehood as falsehood, and guide us to avoid it.
ربَّ نا هبْ ل نا منْ أ زْ وا ج نا و ذرِّيَّا ت نا ق رَّ ة أ عْ ي ن واجْ علْ نا ل لْ متَّ قي ن إ مامًّا
Our Lord! Bestow on us, our spouses and our offspring the
comfort of our eyes and make us leaders of the pious.
أ للَّ همَّ وحِّدْ صف وْ ف الْ مسْل ميْ ن و وحِّد كل م ت همْ وانْ صرْ همْ عل ى أ عْ دا ئ همْ
O Allah, unite the Muslims and assist them against their enemies.
ربَّ نا آ ت نا في الدُّنْ يا ح س نةًّ و في الْْ خ ر ة ح س نةًّ و ق نا ع ذا ب النَّا ر . اللَّ همَّ آ ميْن يا ربَّ اْل عال ميْن
Our Lord! Give us the goodness, both in this world and in the
Hereafter and save us from the torment of Hellfire. (Q. 2:201)
ع با د الل، إ نَّ اللَّ يأْ م ر بالْ عدْ ل وا لْحْ سا ن وإ ي تا ء ذي الْق رْ بى و ينْ هى ع ن الْ فحْ شا ء والْ منْ ك ر
والْ بغْي ي ع ظ كمْ ل علَّ كمْ ت ذكَّ رو ن . ا ذْ ك روا الل يذْ ك ر كمْ و اشْ ك روْه عل ى ن ع م ه ي زدْ كمْ و ل ذكْ ر الل
!!!أ كْ ب ر و الل يعْل م ما تصْ ن عوْن. أ ق م الصَّلاة
1
1. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FARᾹ’IḌ
(ISLAMIC LAW OF INHERITANCE)
Long, long ago, in Montreal, Canada, a man was busy making
his will as he was planning to spend his long vacation overseas. He
was afraid, something might happen to him without writing his will.
A Muslim friend told him that Muslims did not have to worry about
writing a will, as they had their own law of inheritance called
“farā’iḍ” based on the Qur’ān, the Ḥadīth of the Prophet s.a.w., and
the ijmā’ and ijtihād of the ṣaḥābah/companions of the Prophet.
The Qur’an explains extensively this law of inheritance that
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. did not give much explanation of it. It is
unlike the salāh, the prayer where it is mentioned in the Qur’an
without details: how many raka’āt (units) for every prayer, how
many bows and prostrations in every unit, what to say and how to do
it are explained it with examples.
Farā’iḍ is one of the aspects of the application of the objects of
the sharī’ah (Islamic law) which are: the preservation of the religion
of Islam ) حِفْظ الدِّين (, the preservation of souls or selves ) حِفْظ النَّ فْس (, the
preservation of reason or intelligence ) حِفْظ العَقْل (, the preservation of
progeny ) حِفْظ النَّسْل ( , and the preservation of wealth ) . )حِفْظ المَال
Fara’id is based on:
i. The Quran:
يُوصِيكُمُ اللَّهُ فِي أَوْلََدِكُمْ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الُْْنْ ثَ يَ يْنِ فَإِنْ كُنَّ نِسَاءً فَ وْقَ اثْ نَتَ يْنِ فَ لَهُنَّ ث لُُثَا مَا
تَ رَكَ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ وَاحِدَةً فَ لَهَا النِّصْفُ وَلَِْبَ وَيْهِ لِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ هُمَا السُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَ ركَ إِنْ كَانَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ
فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَوَرِثَهُ أَبَ وَاهُ فَلُِِمِّهِ الثُّ لُثُ فَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُ إِخْوَةٌ فَلُِِمِّهِ السُّدُسُ مِ نْ بَ عْدِ وَصِيَّةٍ
يُوصِي بِهَا أَوْ دَيْنٍ آبَاؤُكُمْ وَأَبْ نَاؤُكُمْ لََ تَدْرُونَ أَي هُُّمْ أَقْ رَبُ لَكُمْ نَ فْعًا فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ
) عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا ) الْنعام : 11
2
"Allah enjoins you concerning your children: the male shall
have the equal of the portion of two females; if there are
more than two females, they shall have two-thirds of what
he has left, and if there is one, she shall have the half; and as
for his parents, each of them shall have the sixth of what he
has left if he has a child: but if he has no child and only his
two parents inherit from him, then his mother shall have the
third; but if he has brothers, his mother shall have the sixth
after the payment of any bequest he may have bequeathed
or a debt. You know not whether your parents or your
children are nearest to you in benefit. These are settled
portions ordained by Allah and Allah is All-Knowing, All-
Wise." (Q. 4:11)
ii. Hadith: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:
ألْحِقُوْا الفَرَائِضَ بِأَهلِهَا فَمَا بَقِيَ فَ هُوَ لَِْوْلَى رَجُلٍ ذكََرٍ )متفق عليه(
"Give the appointed portions to those entitled to them. Then
whatever remains is for the nearest male."
(Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim).
iii. Ijmā‘ (consensus) and ijtihād (independent judgment) of the
companions of the Messenger of Allah, imams of madhhab
and mujtahid (who exercises ijtihād) of proven knowledge.
Fara’id preserves and strengthens the relationships among
members of the family as well as keeping the wealth among them
after the death of one of its members. Allah has decided that if a
Muslim dies, his (her) wealth will be inherited by his/her close
relatives, his/her spouse, and his/her ascendants (father and mother)
and his/her descendants (sons and daughters). Therefore, no matter
how you hate your parents, you are a part of them, and no matter
you hate your children, they are parts of you, and they all will inherit
3
from you. In Islamic law, you cannot prevent them from the
inheritance, except with killing, apostasy, and slavery. Al-Raḥbī put
this in his book مَتْنُ الرَّحْبِيَّة dealing with farā’iḍ, as follows:
ويَمْنَعُ الشَّخصَ مِنَ الْمِي راثِ ... واحِدَةٌ مِنْ عِلَلٍ ثَلاَثِ
(رِقٌّ( و)قَتلٌ( و)اختِلافُ دِيْنِ( ... فافهَمْ فَ لَيْسَ الشَّكُّ كَاليَقينِ
“A man is not entitled for inheritance because of
(one of the) three reasons: slavery, killing, and
the difference of religion…”
A slave has nothing to leave as inheritance, as he himself
belongs to his master. He also cannot inherit, because it will go to his
master, as he and his wealth belong to his master. Since officially
there is no more slavery these days, this ruling is kept dormant for
ever and just kept recorded in history. Slavery in Islam was abolished
gradually. Freeing slaves is highly recommended in Islam. There are
many penalties with freeing a slave for committing certain sins.
There is also a share as ransom for freeing slaves in the zakat, so that
sooner or later, there will be no more slave left to free.
A killer, even unintentionally (to prevent the claim of
unintentional killing), and the apostate will not get anything from the
inheritance. Therefore, the door of “unintentional killing” is closed,
and one should not try to kill one’s relative in order to get
inheritance quickly from him. Instead, he will get nothing.
Here lies the danger of marrying a non-Muslim woman among
the Jews and the Christians. If you marry a Christian of a Jewish
woman, you cannot inherit each other according to Islam, or you
break the law and become sinful. Marrying them would also mean
losing one chance for a Muslim woman to marry you, as Muslim
man. The case is different with a freed slave. The bond between the
4
two is so strong, that they can inherit each other, even if they belong
to different religions.
It is Allah’s law that female with the presence of male will have
half of the male’s share, because he has more responsibility towards
his wife and sisters if they are not married. The more you get, the
more responsibility you have as a bread-winner. But with the
absence of male (brother) she will get half of the inheritance, and
she and her sisters will get two-thirds of the inheritance, divided
equally among them, as mentioned in the above verse. In this case,
the husband will get one-fourth if the wife dies, and the wife will get
one-eighth if the husband dies.
It is Allah’s wisdom that with the presence of a father, a grandfather
will not get in the inheritance. Why? The father himself is
responsible for his father, the deceased grand-father. If the deceased
is fifty years old when s/he dies and the father is about seventy
years old, then the grand-father will be too old, over ninety years
old, and might have become disabled, invalid, and have lost memory.
It is very unwise to inherit hundred thousands of dollars to a person
who is in his dotage, who cannot take care of himself, and perhaps
cannot even remember his name. Wealth means nothing for him.
The Arab proverb says أَعَ زُّ مِ نَ اْل و لَدِ و لَدُ اْل و لَدِ “the person who is
dearer than the son is the son of the son”, namely, the grand-son.
Yet, with the presence of the son who is responsible for his son, i.e.,
the deceased grand-son, he has no share in the inheritance. He is too
young to inherit his grand-father unless his father had died earlier.
With this rule of inheritance the relative of the deceased could
not claim a share in the inheritance, except what has been decided
according to the farā’iḍ. It is Allah’s law, it is not based on the
deceased love and preference, and therefore, no one of the relatives
5
should complain or have ill-feeling towards him if he gets nothing or
less than what he expects. It is not up to him, but up to Allah.
In order to maintain the wealth for inheritance, the deceased is
not allowed to give more than one-third of it to any person who is
not one of its beneficiaries, like close friends, or for charity.
However, with the beneficiary’s consent, he can give more than
one-third of the inheritance in the will.
A person may argue that his daughter will get less than what
her brother gets when he dies. In this case, he can give her as much
as he wants while he is still alive. This is especially important for her
education, so that she can survive with her education, decreasing the
burden of her brothers in taking care of her if she remains unmarried
for the rest of her life. He is free to spend and give his wealth to
whom he likes while he is still alive, and he is allowed to make
waṣiyyah (will) of not more than one-third of his wealth to whom he
likes, as long as he is not one of the beneficiary of the inheritance.
This farā’íḍ is so important that many people, Muslims as well
as non-Muslims, consider it unfair, and gender discrimination. There
is wisdom behind this, and there is difference between equality and
equity, Allah’s wisdom and human intellect. We do not judge Him,
and it is He Who judges us.
Since we are living in Australia where the sharia is not
applicable, and in order to avoid any problem with our wealth after
our death, it is necessary for us as Muslims to write our wills stating
that our wealth will be divided among beneficiaries based on the
farā’id. We can also mention what madhhab (school of law) should
be followed in case any discrepancy arises. ( CIVIC, 14 Dec. 2012)
6
2. OUT OF CONTEXT
About three years ago, in 2009, I was invited by Community
Relations Commission for a Multicultural NSW to review the draft of
a book intended to be “a resource for Islamic Special Religious
Education in Australian Schools”. The book would be entitled My
Religion, Our Country, written by Dr. Mark Weston. Among the
objectives of this book are: to provide an authoritative guide for
teaching about Islam in an Australian context; to link general civics
education in schools with instruction from the main sources of Islamic
teachings, i.e., the Qur’an and the Sunnah, as well as legal opinions of
leading Muslim scholars, past and present; and to assist educators in
preparing young Muslim students to live a life of faith and
citizenship.
In this book the author selected ten issues to be discussed
according to Australian laws and the teachings of Islam on these
issues based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah. They are: 1. freedom of
the individual, 2. freedom of speech, 3. freedom of religion,
4.freedom of association, 5. parliamentary democracy, 6. equality
under the law, 7. equality of men and women, 8. equality of
opportunity, 9. peacefulness, and 10. tolerance, respect and empathy
for others. By comparing these Australian and Islamic laws
compatibility (or incompatibility) could be found. If the Qur’ānic
verses or hadiths are quoted out of context, then incompatibility
would be found.
Since the writer was most probably a non-Muslim, before
meeting him in Sydney, I would like to warn him of the danger of
quoting the Qur’ānic verses and hadiths out of context. So, I sent him
an e-mail containing the following imaginary conversation with the
topic “Out of Context”
- A woman wants to remind her son to do his homework. She
cited to him the following proverb: “Never put off to tomorrow what
7
you can do today.” Her son asked her: “Then can I eat the whole cake
now?”
- A Muslim and a Christian boy are having this imaginary
conversation.
M .: “We cannot be friends anymore.”
C. : “Why?”
M. : “Because the Koran said that Muslims are not allowed to make
friends with Jews and Christians.” (Q. 5:51). [The word awliyā’ has
many meanings, including “friends”, but in this verse it means
“protectors”]
C. : “How could that be? But we Christians are not allowed to defend
ourselves”
M. : “How could that be?”
C. : “Because Jesus said that if someone slaps your cheek, give him
also the other cheek”. (Luke, 6:30)
M. : “This is the opposite of what the Koran said.”
C. : “What does the Koran say?”
M. : “It orders Muslims to fight non-Muslims until they surrender.”
(Q. 8:39) [This verse was revealed to fight the idolaters back, until
there is no more fitnah, namely, no Muslim is persecuted by them so
that they abandon their religion].
C. : “But the Bible says that Jesus came to this world not to bring
peace but a sword, to make a man rebel against his father, and a
daughter against her mother.” (Matt. 10:34-35)
M. : “It is also said that the Koran orders the Muslims to kill the
pagans wherever they find them.” (Q. 9:5) [This verse was revealed
when the hostility between the Muslims and the idolaters of Makkah
has already occurred. It only stopped temporarily during the Sacred
months: Dhul Qi‘dah, Dhul Ḥijjah, Muharram, and Rajab. So, when
8
these months have passed, the war continued and fighting the
idolaters wherever they found them]
C. : “The same with Joshua when he was ordered by God to kill
everybody.” (Joshua 10:40)
M. : “The Koran said that there is no compulsion in religion, but
many believe that Islam was spread by force.” (Q. 2:256)
C. : “In Christianity St. Paul said in his Epistles that he used any
means to get followers, even by means of hypocrisy and cheating.” (1
Corinthians 9:19-22; 2 Corinthians 12:16)
This is a friendly conversation. Now, if we reverse the
conversation with aggressive attitude, the conversation would be like
this:
C. : “Hey, Muslim, your Koran told you not to make friends with us.”
M. : “Hey, Christian, Jesus said in your Bible that if I slap your face,
you should not retaliate, but give the other cheek.”
C. : “Your religion is so dangerous to human beings, as your Koran
orders you to eliminate us. It is a terrorist religion.”
M.: “It is Jesus who is a trouble-maker. He did not come to bring
peace, but trouble.” [A Muslim would never say that, as Jesus was
one of the five fully-determined messengers of Allah; the other four
are: Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad].
C. : “Your Koran orders you to kill the pagan wherever they found
them”
M. “Your Bible said that God ordered Joshua to kill everybody.
C. : “Your Koran said there is not compulsion in religion, but people
said that Islam spreads through force”.
M. “Your Bible said that Paul used any means to convert people to
Christianity. That is why we cannot trust you”
9
Many of Qur’ānic verses and hadiths are quoted out of context,
so that they are replaced with the relevant ones. Topics which need
further explanation are put in appendices, such as appendix 4, as
follows:
DEMOCRACY AND SHŪRĀ (MUTUAL
CONSULTATION) IN ISLAM
- Shūrā (mutual consultation) is “participation with others in making
a decision that concerns them.”
- After Prophet Muhammad s.a.w., revelation stopped, and there was
no longer direct access to God’s will, and therefore no one has the
legitimacy or authority to claim a pope (priest-like) status in the
Muslim community: no theocracy in Islamic political system.
- Like the injunction of praying the injunction of shūrā was also
revealed in the Makkan (Meccan) surah (chapter) as an individual
duty upon Muslims. Therefore, every individual has to consult each
other: in his family life, community and the government. It is to be
applied not only in legislative body, but also in it executive and
judicial bodies.
- Some Muslims, including Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi and
Muhammad al-Khaṭīb say that democracy and Islam are incompatible
because of the difference in the concept of sovereignty: to God
according to Islam (and human beings are merely executors of His
Will), and to people according to secular Western democracy. Among
their arguments: (a) Democracy makes religion separated from the
state, whereas in Islam religion is everything in the lives of Muslims.
(b) Shūrā is a part of Islamic system of government, and has nothing
to do with democracy, which is a man-made system of government.
(c) The source of Islam is divine (revelation), whereas the source of
democracy is human.
10
- Others say that Islam and democracy are not only compatible, but
their association is inevitable, because Islamic political system is
based on shūrā. Among the areas of compatibility between the two
are:
(a) There are only about 200 verses in the Qur’ān dealing with laws,
mostly on protecting family, women, and the community. Islam
does not provide detailed practicalities as they keep changing to fit
time, place and human circumstances. Therefore it leaves an open
and wide space for exercising ijtihād (independent judgment in a
legal question, based upon the interpretation and application of the
Qur’ān and the Sunnah of the Prophet) to find out what is best for
the community.
(b) Islam and democracy promote freedom and social justice and
many other values
(c) Elected members of the shūrā Council of the Prophet consisted of
seven people from the Muhajirin (emigrants) and seven from the
Ansar (people of Madinah) similar to the present day
parliamentary democracy where members are elected representing
their respective parties. Among cotemporary scholars who are the
exponents of this view are Dr. Fathi Osman, and Shaikh Yusuf al-
Qaradawi.
- Islamic political system in general and democracy in particular has
to be bound by laws, principles and spirits of the shariah. It has to
maintain its objectives: to establish justice and to protect religion (the
last resort is engaging in fighting), lives, properties, honour,
progenies, and minds (by prohibiting alcohol, etc) of people.
- Muslims who say that democracy is incompatible with Islam use
the term shūrā; others called it “Islamic democracy”.
Another example is the appendix 2, entitled “The background of
hostility between the Prophet and his followers on one side, and the
Makkan idolaters and the Jews of Madinah on the other” as follows:
11
- When the Prophet arrived at Madina in 623 C.E. he made the
constitution of Madinah (Charter of Madinah) containing 52 articles.
Among them, the co-existence between Muslims and followers of
other religions, especially Judaism and polytheism and freedom of
practicing their religions. They would defend together the city against
the attack of the enemy from outside.
- However, when Madinah was attacked in the battle of Uhud, the
Jews did not want to take part in defending the city, except Mukhyriq
of Banī Tha‘labah who told them: “O fellow Jews, you have to assist
Muhammad.” They made an excuse and said: “It is a Sabbath day.”
He said, “Assisting Muhammad does not disgrace the Sabbath day.”
He said that if he died in the battlefield he would leave his wealth to
Muhammad’s disposal. When the Prophet heard of his death in the
battlefield, he said: “Mukhayriq is the best of the Jews.”
- Like the Jews of Madinah who violated the constitution of Madinah,
the Makkan idolaters expelled the Muslims from Makkah and violated
the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah signed in 6 AH. between them and the
Prophet.
In conclusion, the hostility between Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.
and his followers on one side and his enemies on the other was the
result of their breaking their treaty. (CIVIC, 15.02.13)
12
3. THE MEANINGS OF ḤADĪTH
The word حَدِيْث )ḥadīth(, literally has many meanings: with the
plural حِ دَاث )ḥidāth( and حُدَثَاء (ḥudathā’), it means: new, recent late,
modern. The expression العَصْرُ الحَدِيْث (al-‘aṣr al-ḥadīth) means “modern
time”; with the plural أَحَادِيْث (aḥādith) and حِدْثَاَن (ḥidthān) it means:
speech, talk, report, account, tale, narrative, discourse, message, topic.
The verb حَدَّثَ (ḥaddatha) means, “to report, to inform”. In Islamic
tradition, ḥadīth is called the Prophetic tradition, narrative relating
deeds and utterances of the Prophet (including his Companions), as
well as his tacit approval. As a collective noun, the Prophetic
tradition, it is usually written in capital H, namely, Ḥadīth, which is
similar to the word Sunnah of the Prophet, namely, his tradition which
is later established as legal binding precedents beside laws established
in the Qur’an. When we mean a single tradition we usually write it in
a small letter, a ḥadīth.
The upholder of the inkār sunnah, those who deny the
authenticity and authority of the Sunnah, say that the Qur’an itself
rejects any ḥadīth other than that of the Qur’an, including the ḥadīths
of the Prophet. They base their view on the verses of the Qur’an,
which shall be dealt here, where Allah says that everything is in the
Qur’an, as follows:
وَمَا مِنْ دَابَّةٍ فِي الَْْرْضِ وَلََ طَا ئِرٍ يَطِيرُ بِجَنَاحَيْهِ إِلََّ أُمَمٌ أَمْثَالُكُمْ مَا فَ رَّطْنَا فِي الْكِتَابِ
) مِنْ شَيْءٍ ثُمَّ إِلَى رَبِّهِمْ يُحْشَرُونَ )الْنعام: 83
There is not a moving (living) creature on earth, nor a bird
that flies with its two wings, but are communities like you.
We have neglected nothing in the Book, then to their
Lord they (all) shall be gathered. (Q. 6:38).
) أَفَ غَيْ رَ اللَّهِ أَبْ تَغِي حَكَمًا وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَنْ زَلَ إِلَيْكُمُ الْكِتَابَ مُفَصَّلًا... )الْنعام: 111
[Say (O Muhammad)]”Shall I seek a judge other than
13
Allah while it is He Who sent me down to you the Book
(the Qur’an), explained in detail…(Q. 6:114)
They denounced those who seek any ḥadīth OTHER than the Qur’ān
(“after it” بَ عْدَه (. However, the verses do not say “with it”, مَعَ ه ), so that
the explanation of the Prophet in the Sunnah should also be accepted.
Allah Himself states in the Qur’an that the Prophet’s statement,
explanation and decision have to be accepted. Allah says,
) وَأَنْ زَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الذِّكْرَ لِتُبَ يِّنَ لِل نَّاسِ مَا ن زُِّلَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَلَّهُمْ يَ تَ فَكَّرُونَ )النحل: 44
And We have also sent down to you (O Muhammad) the Dhikr
(Reminder, i.e. the Qur’an) that you may explain clearly to men what
is sent down to them, and that they may give thought (Q. 16:44)
فَلَا وَرَبِّكَ لََ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيمَا شَجَرَ بَ يْ نَ هُمْ ثُمَّ لََ يَجِدُوا فِي أَنْ فُسِهِمْ
) حَرَجًا مِمَّا قَضَيْتَ وَيُسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا )النساء: 56
But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith, until they make you
(O Muhammad) judge in all disputes between them, and find in
themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them)
with full submission.(Q. 4:65)
Based on these verses it is the duty of the Prophet to explain
verses which are not clear to the Muslims and to be a judge in their
disputes. Allah swears, if they do not accept his decisions with full
submission, namely, سَمِعْنَا وَ أَطَعْن اَ (“we listen and obey”) they can have
no faith. His explanations and judgments are recorded in the books of
authentic ḥadīths, and denying them tantamount to infidelity. Without
the ḥadīths or the Sunnah we will not be able to know how to pray,
how to distribute zakat, how to perform the hajj (pilgrimage). To
those who deny the Sunnah we can tell them, “when you die we do
not even know how to bury you, because the Qur’an does not explain
how to bury a dead Muslim. Even if the Prophet explained it and did
it with examples, you still reject the report as fabrication attributed to
14
him.” It is like a person who is going overseas telling his children
everything they should know, and to obey their mother, and if they
have any problem they should ask their mother whom he has asked to
settle and explain. There is no contradiction here, and the children
should not say that they would listen and obey only their father.
According classical mufassirīn (commentators of the Qur’an), the
word ḥadīth (and its derivatives) has five contextual meanings in the
Qur’an, although translators use the basic meanings of the word, and
it has nothing to do with the ḥadīths of the Prophet, as follows:
القُرْآن . 1 (the Qur’an itself). Allah calls the Qur’an in its verses as a
ḥadīth, as follows:
أَوَلَمْ ينْظُرُوا فِي مَلَكُوتِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالَْْرْضِ وَمَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ مِنْ شَيْءٍ وَأَنْ عَسَى أَنْ يَكُونَ
) قَدِ اقْ تَ رَبَ أَجَلُهُمْ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَ عْدَهُ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ )الْعراف: 185
Do they not look in the dominion of the heavens and the
earth and all things that Allah has created; and that it may
be that the end of their lives is near. In what ḥadīth, (message i.e.
Qur’an) after this will they then believe? (Q. 7:185)
) تلْكَ آَيَاتُ اللَّهِ نَ تْ لُوهَا عَل يْكَ بِالْحَقِّ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَ عْدَ اللَّهِ وَآَيَاتِهِ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ )الجاشية: 5
These are the ayat (verses) of Allah, which We recite to you
(O Muhammad) with truth. Then in which ḥadīth (speech, i.e.
Qur’an) after Allah and His ayat will they believe? (Q. 45:6)
( وَيْلٌ يَ وْمَئِذٍ لِلْمُكَذِّبِينَ . فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَ عْدَهُ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ )المرسلات: 65
Woe that Day to the deniers (of the Day of Resurrection)!
Then in what statement (Qur’an) after this (Qur’an) will
they believe? (Q. 77:49-50)
) أَفَمِ نْ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ تَ عْجَبُونَ . وَتَضْحَكُونَ وَلََ تَ بْكُونَ )النجم): 55
Do you then wonder at this ḥadīth (recitation, i.e. the
Qur’an)? And you laugh at it and weep not…? (Q. 53:59-60)
15
( أَمْ يَ قُولُونَ تَ قَوَّلَهُ بَلْ لََ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ . فَ لْيَأْتُوا بِحَدِيثٍ مِثْلِهِ إِنْ كَانُوا صَادِقِينَ )الطور: 84
Or do they say: “He (Muhammad) has forged it
(this Qur’an)?” Nay! They believe not! Let them
produce a ḥadīth (discourse, i.e. Qur’an) like it
(the Qur’an) if they are truthful. (Q. 52:33-34)
أيْ نَمَا تَكُونُوا يُدْرِكُكُمُ الْمَوْتُ وَلَوْ كُنْتُمْ فِي ب رُُوجٍ مُشَيَّدَةٍ وَإِنْ تُصِبْ هُمْ حَسَنَةٌ يَ قُولُوا
هَذِهِ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ وَإِنْ تُصِبْ هُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ يَ قُولُوا هَذِهِ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ قُلْ كُلٌّ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ
( فَمَالِ هَؤُلََءِ الْقَ وْمِ لََ يَكَادُونَ يَ فْقَهُونَ حَدِيثًا )النساء: 78
Wheresoever you may be, death will overtake you even if
you are in fortresses built up strong and high. And if some
good reaches them, they say, “This is from Allah,” but if
some evil befalls them, they say, “This is from you
(O Muhammad). Say: “All things are from Allah,” so
what is wrong with these people that they fail to
understand any word (of the Qur’an)? (Q. 4:78)
القِصَة . 2 (story), as in:
اللَّهُ نَ زَّلَ أَحْسَنَ الْحَدِيثِ كِتَابًا مُ تَشَابِهًا مَثَانِيَ تَ قْشَعِرُّ مِنْهُ جُلُودُ الَّذِينَ يَخْشَوْنَ
رَب هَُّمْ ثُمَّ تَلِينُ جُلُودُهُمْ وَقُ لُوب هُُمْ إِلَى ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ ذَلِكَ هُدَى اللَّهِ يَ هْدِي بِهِ مَنْ يَشَاء 38 ( وَمَنْ يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَمَا لَهُ مِنْ هَادٍ )الزمر:
Allah has sent down the Best Statement, a Book (this Qur’an),
its parts resembling each other (in goodness and truth) (and oftrepeated.
The skins of those who fear their Lord shiver from it
(when they recite it or hear it). Then their skin and their heart
soften to the remembrance of Allah. That is the guidance of
Allah. He guides therewith who He wills; and whomever Allah
sends astray, for him there is no guide. (Q. 39:23)
16
وَهَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ مُوسَى إِذْ رَأَى نَارًا فَ قَالَ لَِْهْلِهِ امْكُثُوا إِنِّي آَنَسْتُ نَارًا لَعَلِّي
(15- آَتِيكُمْ مِنْ هَا بِقَبَسٍ أَوْ أَجِدُ عَلَى النَّارِ هُدًى )طه: 9
And has there come to you the story of Moses? When he saw
a fire, he said to his family: “Wait! Verily, I have seen a fire;
perhaps I can bring you some burning brand therefrom,
or find some guidance at the fire.” (Q. 20:9-10)
هَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ ضَيْفِ إِبْ رَاهِيمَ الْمُكْرَمِينَ . إِذْ دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ فَ قَالُوا سَلَامًا
)36- ق الَ سَلَامٌ قَ وْمٌ مُنْكَرُونَ )الذاريات : 34
Has the story reached you, of the honoured guests [Gabriel
along with another two] of Abraham? When they came in to
him and said: Salam (peace be upon you)!” He answered:
“Salam (peace be upon you),” and said; “You are
a people unknown to me.” (Q. 51:24-25)
) هَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ مُوسَى )النازعات: 16
Has there come to you the story of Moses (Q. 79:15)
( هَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ الْجُنُودِ . فِرْعَوْنَ وَثَمُودَ ) البروج: 18
Has the story reached you of the hosts,of
Pharaoh and Thamud? (Q. 85:17-18)
( هَلْ أَتَاكَ حَدِيثُ الْغَاشِيَةِ )الغاشية: 1
Has there come to you the narration of the overwhelming
(i.e., the Day of Resurrection)? (Q. 88:1)
العِبْ رَة . 3 (warning or deterring example), as in,
ثُمَّ أَرْسَ لْنَا رُسُلَنَا تَ تْ رَى كُلَّ مَا جَاءَ أُمَّةً رَسُولُهَا كَذَّبُوهُ فَأَتْ بَ عْنَا بَ عْضَهُمْ بَ عْضًا
( وَجَعَلْنَاهُمْ أَحَادِيثَ فَ بُ عْدًا لِقَوْمٍ لََ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ )المؤمنون: 44
Then We sent our Messengers in succession. Every time
there came to a nation their Messenger, they denied him; so
We made them follow one another (to destruction), And We
made them aḥādīth (the true stories for mankind to
17
learn a lesson from them). So away with a people
who believe not!. (Q. 23:44)
فَ قَالُوا رَب نََّا بَاعِدْ بَ يْنَ أَسْفَارِنَا وَظَلَمُوا أَنْ فُسَهُمْ فَجَعَلْنَاهُمْ أَحَادِيثَ وَمَزَّقْ نَاهُمْ كُلَّ
( مُمَزَّقٍ إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَََيَاتٍ لِكُلِّ صَبَّارٍ شَكُورٍ )سب أ: 19
But they said: “Our Lord! Make the stages between
Our journey longer,” and they wronged themselves;
so We made them as tales (in the land), We dispersed
them all totally. Verily, in his are indeed sighs for
every steadfast, grateful (person) (Q. 34:19)
Since they were destroyed, their fates were related by later
generations as deterring examples.
القَوْل . 4 (saying, statement, report), as in,
وَإِذْ أَسَرَّ النَّبِيُّ إِلَى بَ عْضِ أَزْوَاجِهِ حَدِيثًا فَ لَمَّا نَ بَّأَتْ بِهِ وَأَظْهَرَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ عَرَّفَ بَ عْ ضَهُ
) وَأَعْرَضَ عَنْ بَ عْضٍ فَ لَمَّا نَ بَّأَهَا بِهِ قَالَتْ مَنْ أَنْ بَأَكَ هَذَا قَالَ نَ بَّأَنِيَ الْعَلِيمُ الْخَبِيرُ )التحريم: 8
And (remember) when the Prophet disclosed a hadith (a matter)
in confidence to one of his wives (Hafsah), then she told it
(to another, i.e. A’ishah). And Allah made it known to him;
he informed part thereof and left a part. Then when he told
her (Hafsah) thereof, she said: “Who told you this?”
He said: “The All-Knower, the Well-Acquainted
(Allah) has told me.” (Q. 66:3)
This is about the Prophet’s saying to ‘A’ishah r.a.that he
would not drink honey any longer to please her because she told
him that it smelled bad, and told her not to tell anybody, but she
told his other wife Hafsah, r.a. then Allah revealed to him that
she had broken her promise.
18
الخَبَر . 5 (news, information, report), as in,
وَإِذَا لَقُوا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا قَالُوا آَمَنَّا وَإِذَا خَلَا بَ عْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَ عْضٍ قَالُوا أَتُحَدِّثُونَ هُمْ بِمَا
) فَ تَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ لِيُحَاجُّوكُمْ بِهِ عِنْدَ رَبِّكُمْ أَفَلَا تَ عْقِلُونَ )البقرة: 65
And when they (Jews) meet those who believe (Muslims, they
say, “We believe”, but when they meet one another in private,
they say, “Shall you (Jews) tell them (Muslims) what Allah has
revealed to you [Jews, about the description and the qualities of
Prophet Muhammad which are written in the Torah], that they
(Muslims) will argue with you (Jews) about it before your
Lord?” Have you (Jews) then no understanding? (Q. 2:76)
This kind of knowledge in understanding the contextual
meanings of the words in the Qur’an is called al-Wujūh wa ‘l-Naẓā’ir
fī’l-Qur’ān (“Homonyms and Synonyms in the Qur’ān), one of the 47
sciences of the Qur’an according to al-Zarkashī (d. 794/1342( in his
book al-Burhān. Al-Suyūṭī (991/1505) mentioned 80 sciences of the
Qur’an, and placed it no. 39 in his book al-Itqān. Some of these
sciences are very important to know, such as: asbāb al-nuzūl
(occasions that led to the revelation), gharīb al-Qur’ān (difficult
expressions in the Qur’an), nāsikh (abrogating verses) and mansūkh
abrogated verses). (CIVIC, 28.12.12)
المراجع:
المكتبة الشاملة
المفردات للراغب الأصفهانئ
الوجوه و النظائر لإبن الجوزي
قاموس القرآن للدامغاني
19
4. FEAR AND GRIEF (1)
Fear and grief are two things felt by people approaching death
or after death. But practicing Muslims who stand firm in their belief
and practice will be safe from these two things, fear and grief.
There are two Qur’ānic verses starting with إِنَّ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا رَبُّنَا اللََُّّ ثُمَّ
اسْتَقَامُوا (“Verily, Verily, those who say: “Our Lord is Allah (Alone),
and thereafter stand firm).” Both of them contain a promise with
Paradise for them, one by the angles, and the other directly by Allah.
Allah says in the Qur’an:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا رَبُّنَا اللََُّّ ثُمَّ اسْتَقَامُوا تَتَنَزَّلُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْمَلََئِكَةُ أَلََّّ تَخَافُوا وَلََّ تَحْزَنُوا
وَأَبْشِرُوا بِالْجَنَّةِ الَّتِي كُنْتُمْ تُوعَدُونَ . نَحْنُ أَوْلِيَاؤُكُمْ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَفِي الْْخِرَةِ
وَلَكُمْ فِيهَا مَا تَشْتَهِي أَنْفُسُكُمْ وَلَكُمْ فِيهَا مَا تَدَّعُونَ . نُزُ ا لَّ مِنْ غَفُورٍ رَحِيمٍ
(03- )فصلت: 03
Verily, those who say : “Our Lord is Allah (Alone), and they
stand firm, on them the angels will descend [at the time of their
death](saying): “Fear not, nor grieve! But receive the glad tidings
of Paradise which you have been promised! We have been
your friends in the life of this world and are (so) in the
Hereafter. Therein you shall have (all) that your inner-selves
desire, and therein you shall have (all) for which you ask.
An entertainment form (Allah), the Oft-Forgiving,
Most Merciful.” (Q. 41:30-32)
The term istaqāmū (lit. “stand firm”) means those who followed
the Islamic Monotheism, worshiped Allah. Alone, abstaining from all
kinds of sins and bad deeds and performing all kinds of good deeds.
At the time of their death, the angels will descend to them and
will tell them not to fear “that which you will face in the Hereafter,”
nor grief “for what you have left behind of worldly things, children,
family, wealth and debt, for we shall take care of it for you.”
(Mujāhid, al-Suddī, and Zayd ibn Aslam’s interpretation).
20
The Prophet s.a.w. elaborated this glad tiding, namely, the promise of
Paradise to the pious person in this verse when he said in a long
tradition, as follows:
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللََُّّ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ إِنَّ الْمَ يِّتَ تَحْضُرُهُ
الْمَلََئِكَةُ فَإِذَا كَانَ الرَّجُلُ الصَّالِحُ قَالُوا اخْرُجِي أَيَّتُهَا النَّفْسُ الطَّيِّبَةُ كَانَتْ
فِي الْجَسَدِ الطَّيِّبِ وَاخْرُجِي حَمِيدَةا وَأَبْشِرِي بِرَوْحٍ وَرَيْحَانٍ
وَرَبٍّ غَيْرِ غَضْبَانَ ... )رواه أحمد(
Abu Hurayrah narrated from the Prophet s.a.w. said:
Verily, the angels said to the soul of the dying person if
he is pious, “Come out, O good soul from the good body,
come out praiseworthily, and rejoice at rest and
provision and a Lord Who is not angry…”
(Reported by Ahmad)
The angels told the believers when death was approaching them,
“We have been your close companions, in this world, protecting you
and helping you by the command of Allah, and will be with you in the
Hereafter, keeping you from feeling lonely in your graves and when
the Trumpet is blown; we will reassure you on the Day of
Resurrection and will take you across the Ṣirāt and bring you to the
Garden of delight. In Paradise you will have all that you wish for and
that will delight you. Whatever you ask for, it will appear before you
as you wish to be, a welcoming gift and blessing from the One Who
has forgiven your sins and Who is Merciful and Kind towards you,
Who has forgiven you, concealed you faults and been Kind and
Merciful.” (Ibn Kathīr’s Tafsīr)
In another verse, Allah said,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا رَبُّنَا اللََُّّ ثُمَّ اسْتَقَامُوا فَلََ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلََّ
هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ . أُولَئِكَ أَصْحَابُ الْجَنَّةِ خَالِدِينَ فِيهَا جَزَا ا ء
)31- بِمَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ )الأحقاف: 30
Verily, those who say: “Our Lord is Allah (Alone),” and
thereafter stand firm [and straight on the Islamic Faith of
21
Monotheism], on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. Such
shall be the dwellers of Paradise, abiding therein (forever)—
a reward for what they used to do. (Q. 46:13-14)
Here Allah Himself said directly, not through the statement of
the angels, that the believers who stand firm will have no fear for the
future nor grief of what he left behind in the world after they have
left.
عَنْ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللََِّّ الثَّقَفِيِّ قَالَ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللََِّّ حَدِّثْنِي بِأَمْرٍ أَعْتَصِمُ بِهِ قَالَ
قُلْ رَبِّيَ اللََُّّ ثُمَّ اسْتَقِمْ قَالَ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللََِّّ مَا أَخْوَفُ مَا تَخَافُ عَلَيَّ قَالَ فَأَخَذَ بِلِسَانِ
نَفْ سِهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ هَذَا )رواه أحمد و البيهقي و النسائي و غيرهم)
Sufyān ibn Abdullah al-Thaqafī said, I said: “O Messenger of
Allah, tell me something that I can adhere to,” He said: “Say, my
Lord is Allah, then stand firm.” I said, O Messenger of Allah, what do
you fear most for me?” The Messenger of Allah took hold of the edge
of his tongue and said, “This is” (Reported by Aḥmad, al-Bayhaqī,
al-Nasā’ī and others)
Instead of “say, my Lord is Allah”, in another version, “say, I
believe in Allah” indicating that it means “be a Muslim, a believer.”
Generous people among Muslims will also be free from fear
and grief. Allah said:
مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ يُنْفِقُونَ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللََِّّ كَمَثَلِ حَبَّةٍ أَنْبَتَتْ سَبْعَ سَنَابِلَ فِي
كُلِّ سُنْبُلَةٍ مِ ائَةُ حَبَّةٍ وَاللََُّّ يُضَاعِفُ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ وَاللََُّّ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ . الَّذِينَ يُنْفِقُونَ
أَمْوَالَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللََِّّ ثُمَّ لََّ يُتْبِعُونَ مَا أَنْفَقُوا مَنا ا وَلََّ أَ ا ذى لَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ
(363- عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلََّ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلََّ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )البقرة : 363
The likeness of those who spend their wealth in the Way of Allah,
is as the likeness of a grain (of corn); it grows seven ears, and each
ear wills. And Allah is All-Sufficient for His creatures’ needs, All has
a hundred grains. Allah gives manifold increase to who He Knower.
Those who spend their wealth in the Cause of Allah, and do not
follow up their gifts with reminders of their generosity or with
injury, their reward is with their Lord. On them shall be
22
no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Q. 2:261-262)
Allah also said,
الَّذِينَ يُنْفِقُونَ أَمْوَالَهُمْ بِاللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ سِ ا را وَعَلََنِيَةا فَلَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ عِنْدَ
( رَبِّهِمْ وَلََّ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلََّ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )البقرة : 371
Those who spend their wealth (in Allah’s Cause)
by night and day, in secret and in public, they shall
have their reward with their Lord. On them shall
be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Q. 2:274)
The shuhadā’ (martyrs in the cause of Islam) are also included
among those who are free from fear and grief after leaving this world.
They have high position among Muslims after that of prophets,
ṣiddīqīn (righteous people, those who have extremely strong faith).
They will enjoy life after death even are considered alive. Allah said:
وَلََّ تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ قُتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللََّّ أَمْوَاتاا بَلْ أَحْيَاءٌ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ يُرْزَقُونَ .
فَرِحِينَ بِمَا آتَاهُمُ اللََُّّ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَيَسْتَبْشِرُونَ بِالَّذِينَ لَمْ يَلْحَقُوا بِهِمْ مِنْ
)361- خَلْفِهِمْ أَلََّّ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلََّ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )آل عمران: 373
Think not of those who are killed in the Way of Allah
as dead. Nay, they are alive, with their Lord, and they
have provision. They rejoiced in what Allah has bestowed
upon them of His Bounty and rejoice for the sake of those
who have not yet joined them, but are left behind
(not yet martyred) that on them no fear shall
come, not shall they grieve. (Q. 3:169-170)
Jabir ibn Abdullah reported that when the Prophet s.a.w. saw
him and asked him why he was restless. He told him it was because
his father was killed in the battlefield, and was leaving the family
burden and debt. The Prophet told him that Allah never talked to
anyone except behind the veil except to his father; He talked to him
directly. He said: “O my servant, ask me and I shall give you.” He
said: “I ask You to bring me back to the world, so that I shall be
23
martyred again for You.” Allah said: “I have decided that those who
die will never return to the world.” He said: “O my Lord, let those
whom I have left know my condition.” Then Allah revealed the verses
mentioned above.
This means that there will be no second chance to come back to
this world to do good things once we died. There is no reincarnation,
and there is no transmigration of the souls. This is the danger of not
accepting Islam.
The awliyā’ (people who are close to Allah, pious people,
saints) are also among people who are free from fear and grief in the
Hereafter. Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet s.a.w. said:
Among the servants of Allah there will be those whom the
Prophets and the martyrs will consider fortunate. It was said:
“Who are these, O Messenger of Allah, so that we may love them?”
He said: “They are people who loved one another for the sake
of Allah without any other interest like money or kinship. Their
faces will be light, upon platforms of light. They shall have no
fear (on that Day) when fear shall come upon people. Nor they
grieve when others grieve.” Then the Prophet cited the verse
( أَلََّ إِنَّ أَوْلِيَاءَ اللََِّّ لََّ خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلََّ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ. ) يونس: 63
Behold! The awliya’ of Allah, no fear shall come
upon them nor shall they grieve. (Q. 10:62
The following story was reported by Ibn Rajab al-Ḥanbalī
(d.736-795/1336-1393) how Allah rewarded a good deed out of piety.
It happened that a pious traveller in Makah became very hungry
as he had nothing left for his provision. He was almost faint of
starving. While he was walking on one of the corridors of Makkah he
found a very expensive necklace. He took it with him and entered the
Sanctuary (Masjid al-Haram). There he met a man looking for a lost
necklace, and described it to him exactly like what he had found. So,
24
he gave it to him. The man left without thanking him, not even
handed him any dirham or anything as reward.
Then the pious man sailed on a boat. A strong wind blew and
broke the boat. He found a piece of wood, sailed on it, tossed on the
waves left and right, until he drifted ashore towards an island. There
he found a mosque where people were praying, and he joined them in
the prayer. Then he found a piece of sheets of the Qur’an. When he
read it people learned that he could read. So, they asked him to teach
their children to read the Qur’an. When they found out the he could
also write, they asked him to teach their children to write. So, he
taught the children of the inhabitants of the island to read and write.
As the pious man was unmarried, people suggested him to
marry an orphan whose father was a very good man. When he agreed,
and married the girl he saw her wearing the very necklace he had
found in Makkah. He asked her how she got the necklace. She said:
“One day while my father was Makkah he lost the necklace.
Then an honest man found it and gave it to him. Since then, my father
kept praying to Allah that He would give him a husband for his
daughter like that man.”
“I was that man,” said the pious man. So, Allah rewarded him
more than he had expected. So, pious people will have no fear, no
grief, no disappointment, no frustration, because they trust Allah,
have good faith with Him, as there might be blessing in disguise
behind any mischief and catastrophe. (CIVIC, 25.01.13)
المصادر:
المكتبة الشاملة
تفسير ابن كثير
036- د. عائض القرني. لَّ تحزن ص. 033
25
5. FEAR AND GRIEF (2)
Other Qur’ānic verses mentioning people who will have no fear
regarding the Hereafter and grief regarding the life of this word are
as follows:
After forgiving Adam and Eve for their sin in eating the
forbidden fruit in Heaven, Allah told them to descend to the earth
and to follow the guidance that came to them and their descendants.
He said,
قُلْنَا اهْبِطُوا مِنْهَا جَمِيعًا فَإِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ مِنِّي هُدًى فَمَنْ تَبِعَ هُدَايَ
) فَلَ خَوْ ف عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )البقرة : 83
We said: “Get down all of you from this place
(the Paradise), then whenever there comes
to you guidance from Me, and whoever follows
My guidance, there shall be no fear on
them nor shall they grieve .” (Q. 2:38)
A similar verse is as follows:
قَالَ اهْبِطَا مِنْهَا جَمِيعًا بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْ ض عَدُ و فَإِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ مِنِّي هُدًى
) فَمَنِ اتَّبَعَ هُدَايَ فَلَ يَضِ ل وَلَ يَشْقَى )هود: 328
He (Allah) said: “Get you down (from the paradise
to the earth), both of you, together, some of you
are an enemy to some others. Then if there
comes to you guidance from Me, then whoever
follows My guidance, he shall neither go astray
[i.e. misguided in this life, acc. Ibn ‘Abbās], nor
shall he be distressed [i.e. miserable in the
Hereafter, acc. Ibn Abbas].” (Q. 20:123)
26
After talking to Adam and Eve about following the guidance so
that they would have no fear and no grief, Allah talked to their
descendants giving the same advice when He said:
يَا بَنِي آدَمَ إِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ رُسُ ل مِنْكُمْ يَقُ صونَ عَلَيْكُمْ آيَاتِي فَمَنِ اتَّقَى
) وَأَصْلَحَ فَلَ خَوْ ف عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )الأعراف: 83
O children of Adam! If there come to you Messengers from
amongst you, reciting to you My Verses, then whosoever
become pious and righteous, on then shall be no fear
nor shall they grief. (Q. 7:35)
This advice was repeated that those who follow the prophets
sent to them will be safe from fear and grief.
وَمَا نُرْسِلُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ إِلَّ مُبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنْذِرِينَ فَمَنْ آمَنَ
) وَأَصْلَحَ فَلَ خَوْ ف عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )ألآنعام: 83
And We send not the Messengers but as givers of
glad tidings and as warners. So whosoever believes
and does righteous good deeds, upon such shall
come no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Q. 6:48)
With the advent of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. as the last
prophet, it is emphasized again by Allah that by believing in Islam
and following its teachings people will be free from fear and grief in
the Hereafter. Allah said,
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ لَهُمْ
أَجْرُهُمْ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ وَلَ خَوْ ف عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )البقرة: 222
Truly those who believe, and do deeds of righteousness,
and perform salat (prayer), and give zakat, they will have
their reward with their Lord,. On them shall be no fear,
nor shall they grieve. (Q. 2:277)
27
We have seen here that the promise of being free from fear
and grief by following Allah’s guidance is mentioned several times in
different surahs (chapters) of the Qur’an to indicate its importance. If
you do not read surah al-Baqarah (chapter 2), you will find it in surah
Hūd (chapter 20). If you do not read that chapter you will still find it
in surah al-A‘rāf (chapter 7), or surah al-An‘ām (chapter 6). You
cannot miss it, if you read the Qur’an and concerned with Allah’s
guidance.
Every surah (chapter) in the Qur’ān is like a spiritual dish. It
contains various topics, such as: morality, stories of the past,
warnings and good tidings, future events, etc. One dish of food
usually contains various ingredients. Some have almost the same
ingredients with slightly different amount. In the pizza, for example,
you will have salt, sugar, oil, and perhaps chilly, meat, and
mushroom. In the salad, you will still have some salt, oil, sugar, but
no meat or mushroom. The taste is different, and yet, it is delicious.
So is the chapter of the Qur’ān. Every chapter contains spiritual
guidance, and has its own spiritual taste. Reading surah Yusuf, for
example, has different spiritual taste from reading al-Kahf, although
both contains the story of the past.
With the advent of Islam, previous religions will no longer be
acceptable. Allah said,
وَقَالُوا لَنْ يَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِلَّ مَنْ كَانَ هُودًا أَوْ نَصَارَى تِلْكَ أَمَانِ يهُمْ قُلْ هَاتُوا
بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ . بَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لِِلَِّ وَهُوَ مُحْسِ ن فَلَهُ أَجْرُه (332- عِنْدَ رَبِّهِ وَلَ خَوْ ف عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ )البقرة : 333
And they say, “None shall enter Paradise unless he
be a Jew or a Christian.” These are their own desires.
Say (O Muhammad), “Produce your proof if you are
truthful.” Yes, but whoever submits his face ( himself)
to Allah (i.e. follow Islam) and he is a muḥsin
28
[i.e. a good doer who performs good deeds
for the sake of Allah only) then his reward
is with his Lord (Allah), on such shall be no
fear, nor shall they grieve. (Q. 2:111-112).
The above verses continue stating that both Jews and
Christians accuse each other of not following the right religion, as
follows:
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ لَيْسَتِ النَّصَارَى عَلَى شَيْ ء وَقَالَتِ النَّصَارَى لَيْسَتِ الْيَهُودُ
عَلَى شَيْ ء وَهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْكِتَابَ كَذَلِكَ قَالَ الَّذِينَ لَ يَعْلَمُونَ مِثْلَ قوْلِهِمْ
( فَالِلَّ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فِيمَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ ) 338
The Jews said that the Christians follow nothing
(i.e., are not on the right religion); and the Christians
said that the Jews follow nothing (i.e., are not on the right
religion); though they both recite the Scripture. Like unto
their word, said those who know not. [such as the Arabs
who said that Prophet Muhammad was not following
anything, i.e. a true religion, al-Suddī’s commentary].
Allah will judge between them on the Day of
Resurrection about that wherein they
have been differing.(Q. 2:113)
The verses of the Qur’an could be misunderstood if it is taken out of
its context. One example is as follows:
.إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَالَّذِينَ هَادُ وا وَالصَّابِئُونَ وَالنَّصَارَى مَنْ آمَنَ بِالِلَِّ وَالْيَوْمِ
) الْآخِرِ وَعَمِلَ صَالِحًا فَلَ خَوْ ف عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَ هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ . )المائدة : 69
Surely, those who believe (i.e., Muslims), and those
who are the Jews [followers of Prophet Moses] and the
Sabians [i.e. followers of Prophet Yahya, John the Baptist],
and the Christians [followers of Prophet ‘Isa, Jesus],---
whosoever believed in Allah and the Last Day, and
29
worked righteousness, on them shall be
no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Q. 5:69)
This verse does not mean that whether you are a Muslim, a
Christian, a Jew or a Magian, as long as you do good things you will
all be safe in the Hereafter, as you are guaranteed free from fear and
grief, as some people may think. This verse does not mean, although
apparently so, that you do not have to accept Islam to achieve
salvation if you belong to the People of the Book, follower of the
previous revealed religion. No, it is not so.
If we go back to the occasion that led to the revelation of this
verse, it is this. A man called Salmān al-Fārisī (the Persian). While he
was hunting with the son of the king of Persia, he found a man in an
isolated house weeping while reading a book. The man told him that
it was the Injīl (Gospel) revealed to Prophet Isa (Jesus) a.s., not the
kind of Bible we are having today. Salman followed him and became
a believer. He kept learning from the monks and worshiped with
them in the church in Mosul (Iraq), then he moved to Jerusalem.
While worshiping Allah with monks in the church in Jerusalem,
a monk told him: “There is still a new prophet left who is the best
one to follow. The time of his coming is approaching. I don’t think I
shall live long enough to see him. You are still young. I hope you can
see him. He will appear in the Arab land. If you see him, believe and
follow him…” Salman left and eventually reached Madinah where he
was told that a prophet had come to that city.
While talking to the Prophet in Madinah, Salmān
remembered his friends the monks whom he had left behind. He
talked to the Prophet about them, saying: “They prayed, fasted,
believed in you, and witnessed that you would be appointed a
prophet.” To answer this question, Allah revealed to the Prophet the
above verse.
30
This verse means that the Jews who followed Prophet Moses
a.s. and kept the Torah until the advent of Prophet Jesus a.s. will be
safe. But those who still kept the Torah and did not want to follow
Prophet Jesus a.s. after that will be damned. The Christians who
followed Prophet Jesus a.s. and kept the Injil until the advent of
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w will be safe. But those who did not want
to follow Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. after that will be damned.
The verse becomes clearer if we read the preceding and the
succeeding verses. The preceding verse says,
قُلْ يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لَسْتُمْ عَلَى شَيْ ء حَتَّى تُقِيمُوا التَّوْرَاةَ وَالِْْنْجِيلَ
وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكُمْ مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ وَلَيَزِيدَنَّ كَثِيرًا مِنْهُمْ مَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ رَبِّكَ
) طُغْيَانًا وَكُفْرًا فَلَ تَأْسَ عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ )المائدة : 63
Say (O Muhammad) “O People of the Scripture
(Jews and Christians)! You have nothing (as regards
guidance) till you act according to the Tawrāt (Torah),
the Injīl (Gospel), and what has (now) been sent down
to you [Muhammad] from your Lord (the Qur’an). Verily,
that which has been sent down to you (Muhammad)
from your Lord increases in most of them their
obstinate rebellion and disbelief. So be not
sorrowful over the people who
disbelieve. (Q. 5:68)
So, they become more obstinate, more rebellious, and
disbelieve, because they expected the prophet to be among them,
the Jews of Madinah. The succeeding verse says,
. لَقَدْ أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَأَرْسَلْنَا إِلَيْهِمْ رُسُلً كُلَّمَا جَاءَهُمْ رَسُو ل
) بِمَا لَ تَهْوَى أَنْفُسُهُمْ فَرِيقًا كَذَّبُوا وَفَرِيقًا يَقْتُلُونَ ) المائدة : 20
Verily, We took the covenant of the Children of
Israel and sent Messengers to them. Whenever
there came to them a Messenger with what they
31
themselves desired not, a group of them
they called liars, and others among
them they killed. (Q. 5:70).
They did not believe the messengers sent to them. They
successfully killed Prophet Zechariah (Zakariyyā) a.s. and Prophet
Yaḥyā (John the Baptist) a.s., claimed to have killed Prophet ‘Isa
(Jesus) a.s., and tried to kill Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.
According to Ibn ‘Abbās, the Prophet’s cousin and the famous
Qur’ānic commentator, the next verse revealed was:
وَمَنْ يَبْتَغِ غَيْرَ الِْْسْلَمِ دِينًا فَلَنْ يُقْبَلَ مِنْهُ وَهُوَ فِي
) الْآَخِرَةِ مِنَ الْخَاسِرِينَ )آل عمران: ٥٨
“If anyone desires a religion other than Islam
(submission to Allah), never will it be accepted
of him, and in the Hereafter he will be in
the ranks of those who have lost
(all spiritual) good.” (Q. 3:85)
In conclusion, no matter how good you are, no matter how
smart you are, if you are taking the wrong path, you will never reach
your destination. So, we keep asking Allah, اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ (“Guide
us the right path”) at least 17 times a day (CIVIC, 01.02.30)
32
6. FUTILE DEEDS
A well-known Egyptian dā‘in (dā‘iyah, Islamic preacher) at the
end of the late century, called ‘Amr Khalid, called people to stick to
Islam and to observe its teachings. In one of his lectures, he posed this
question: What would happen to those people who do good deeds in
this world, but kāfirs, do not accept Islam, would they get benefit
from these good deeds in the Hereafter? He answered this question
briefly in Egyptian slang, enta mālak enta!, meaning, “it is not your
business.” What he means is that do not bother with other people
whether they are Muslims or not, but what should concern you is your
own salvation.
The word kāfir in its original, classical, pre-Islamic meaning, is
derived from the verb kafara, “to cover”, so that the word kāfir,
literally means “a person (or something) that covers something
(else).” Technically, a kāfir is “a person who covers the truth of Islam,
by denying it.” The pre-Islamic poet Labid said in his poem:
... في لَيْ لَةٍ كَفَرَ النّجُومَ غَمَامُهَا
… in a night where its cloud covered its stars
The answer to this question is found in verses in many chapters
of the Qur’an, as follows:
وَقَالَ الَّذِ ينَ لََ يَ رْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا لَوْلََ أُنْزِلَ عَلَيْ نَا الْمَلَائِكَة أَوْ نَ رَى رَب نََّا
لَقَدِ اسْتَكْبَ رُوا فِي أَنْ فُسِهِمْ وَعَتَ وْا عُتُ وًّا كَبِيرًا . يَ وْمَ يَ رَوْنَ الْمَلَائِكَة لََ بُشْرَى يَ وْمَئِذٍ لِلْمُجْرِمِينَ وَيَ قُولُونَ حِجْرًا مَحْجُ ورًا. وَقَدِمْنَا
)12- إِلَى مَا عَمِلُوا مِنْ عَمَلٍ فَجَعَلْنَاه هَبَاء مَنْثُورًا )الفرقان: 11
And those who expect not a meeting with Us (i.e.,
those who deny the Day of Resurrection and the
Life of the Hereafter) said: “Why are not the angels sent
down to us, or why do we not see our Lord?” Indeed they
think too highly of themselves, and are scornful with great
pride. On the day they will see the angels—no glad tidings
33
will there be for
the mujrimin (criminals, disbelievers)that day.
And they (the angels) will say: “All kinds of
glad tidings are forbidden to you,”. And We
shall turn to whatever deeds they did, and
We shall make such deeds as scattered
Floating particles of dust (Q. 25:23)
In this verse it is mentioned that pride makes them reject the
truth. In a ḥadīth narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, the Prophet
Muhammad s.a.w. said:
عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّه عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ لََ يَدْخُلُ
الْجَنَّة مَنْ كَانَ فِي قَ لْبِهِ مِثْ قَالُ ذَ رَّة مِنْ كِبْرٍ قَالَ رَجُل إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ يُحِبُّ
أَنْ يَكُونَ ثَ وْبُه حَسَنًا وَنَ عْلُه حَسَنَة قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّه جَمِيل يُحِبُّ
الْجَمَالَ الْكِبْ رُ بَطَرُ الْحَقِّ وَغَمْطُ النَّاسِ )رواه مسلم(
“Whosoever has pride in his heart equal to the
weight of an atom shall not enter Paradise.”
A person (among the audience) said: “Verily,
a person loves that his dress should be
beautiful, and his shoes should be beautiful.”
The Prophet remarked: “Verily, Allah is the
Most Beautiful, and He loves beauty. Pride
is completely disregard the truth, and to
scorn (look down upon) the people.
(Reported by Muslim)
The futility of deeds of non-believers in the Hereafter is
explained vividly, and compared to mirage in a desert in the following
verse:
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَعْمَالُهُمْ كَسَرَابٍ بِقِيعَةٍ يَحْسَبُه الظَّمْآَنُ
مَاء حَتَّى إِذَا جَاءَه لَمْ يَجِدْه شَيْئًا وَوَجَدَ اللَّه عِنْدَه فَ وَفَّاه ) حِسَابَه وَاللَّه سَرِيعُ الْحِسَابِ )النور: 23
34
As for those who disbelieved, their deeds are like
a mirage in a desert. The thirsty one thinks it to be
water, until he comes up to it, he finds it to be
Nothing; but he finds Allah with him, Who will
pay him his due (Hell). And Allah is swift
in taking account (Q. 24:39).
According to this verse disbelievers will not get reward from
Allah in the Hereafter for their good deeds in this world. It is like a
mirage for a thirsty person; instead of water he finds nothing.
In another verse the good deeds of disbelievers are like ashes
blown by wind on a stormy day. The verse runs as follows:
مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِرَبِّهِمْ أَعْمَالُهُمْ كَرَمَادٍ اشْتَدَّتْ بِهِ
الرِّيحُ فِي يَ وْمٍ عَاصِفٍ لََ يَ قْدِرُونَ مِمَّا كَسَبُوا عَلَى شَيْءٍ
) ذَلِكَ هُوَ الضَّلَالُ الْبَعِيدُ )إبراهيم: 11
The parable of those who disbelieved
in their Lord is that their works are as ashes,
on which the wind blows furiously on a stormy
days; they shall not be able to get aught of what
they have earned. That is the straying, far
away (from the Right Path). (Q. 14:18)
Here again lies the importance of guidance and following the
right path, Islam, without which there will be no salvation. Without
following the right path you will never reach your destination. Even
people close to Allah, like prophets, could not rescue disbelievers
among their close relatives: Prophet Noah’s wife, Prophet Lot’s wife,
Prophet Abraham’s father, and Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.’s uncle,
Abu Talib. (CIVIC, 8.2.13)
35
7. INKᾹR AL-SUNNAH (1)
)THE REJECTION OF THE SUNNAH)
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. said:
أَلََ هَلْ عَسَى رَجُلٌ يَ بْ لُغُهُ الْحَدِيثُ عَنِّي وَهُوَ مُتَّكِئٌ عَلَى أَرِيكَتِهِ فَ يَ قُولُ بَ يْ نَ نَا
وَبَ يْ نَكُمْ كِتَابُ اللَّهِ فَمَا وَجَدْنَا فِيهِ حَلَالًَ اسْتَحْلَلْنَاهُ وَمَا وَجَدْنَا فِيهِ حَرَامًا حَرَّمْنَاهُ
وَإِنَّ مَا حَ رَّمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَمَا حَرَّمَ اللَّه .)رواه الإمام أحمد وأبو داود وابن ماجه(
See that a man might reach him a hadith from
me while he was leaning against a sofa, and said:
“Between us and you is the Book of Allah, whatever
we find in it is halal we make it halal (permitted),
And what we find haram in it, we make it haram
(prohibited), and verily, what the Messenger of
Allah s.a.w. prohibited it is as prohibited by
Allah.” (Reported by Imam Ahmad,
Abū Dā’ūd, and Ibn Mājah)
In another hadith the Prophet s.a.w. said:
لََ أُلْفِيَنَّ أَحَدَكُمْ مُتَّكِئًا عَلَى أَرِيكَتِهِ يَأْتِيهِ أَمْرٌ مِمَّا أَمَرْتُ بِهِ أَوْ
نَ هَيْتُ عَنْه فَ يَ قُولُ لََ أَدْرِي مَا وَجَدْنَا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ اتَّ بَ عْنَاه ."
)رواه الإمام أحمد فى مسنده وأبو داود والترمذى
وابن ماجة والدارمى فى سننهم(
Verily, one of you would lean comfortably
a sofa when an order or prohibition from me
reached him he would say: “I do not know,
we (only) follow what we find in the
Book of Allah (the Qur’ān).”
(Reported by Ahmad, al-Tirmidhī, Abū Dā’ūd,
Ibn Mājah and al-Dārimī)
36
In another hadith, he said:
ت رَكْ تُ ف يكُ مْ أَمْ رَيْنِ لَنْ تَضِ ل وا مَ ا تَمَ سَّ كْ تُمْ بِهِ مَ ا:
ك تَابَ اللِ وَسُنَّةَ نَبِيِّه )رواه الحاكم(
I have left you two things, you will never
go astray as long as you stick to them: the
Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His
Prophet. (Reported by al-Ḥākim.
Similar version is also reported by al-Bayhaqī))
The Prophet also said:
أَلََ إِنِّي أُوتِيتُ الْكِتَابَ وَمِثْ لَهُ مَعَهُ أَلََ إِنِّي أُوتِيتُ الْقُرْآنَ وَمِثْ لَهُ مَعَهُ لَ يُوشِكُ
رَجُلٌ يَ نْثَنِي شَبْ عَانًا عَلَى أَرِيكَتِهِ يَ قُولُ عَلَيْكُمْ بِالْقُرْآنِ فَمَا وَجَدْتُمْ فِيهِ مِنْ حَلَالٍ
فَأَحِلُّوهُ وَمَا وَجَدْتُمْ فِيهِ مِنْ حَرَامٍ فَحَرِّمُوه )رواه الإمام أحمد(
Be informed that verily the Book was
brought to me and a similar thing with it
(i.e. the Sunnah of the Prophet), and a similar
thing with it, know that a man leaning on a sofa
while he is full is on the point of saying: “Stick
to the Qur’an, so whatever you find in it halal,
then make it halal, and whatever you find
in it haram, then make it haram.”
(Reported by Ahmad)
This is the prophecy and warning of our Prophet, that some
people would later ignore the Sunnah (sayings, practices, and tacit
approvals of the Prophet) as the source of Islamic law, and claim that
the Qur’an is the sole source of Islamic law. This view is called
“inkār al-sunnah” (the Rejection of the Sunnah). It appeared at the
end of the 1st Century and the beginning of the 2nd Century of Hijrah.
This view appeared out of misunderstanding the Qur’ānic texts, and
the ignorance of the significance of Sunnah in Islam. When they were
37
explained to people who misunderstood them, they abandoned this
view and came back to the right one. For example, a man asked Abū
Nujayd, one the companions of the Prophet, to explain to him
something exclusively from the Qur’an, he told him that many things
were not explained in details in the Qur’an, but in the Sunnah. For
example, how to perform the prayers, how many units (raka‘āt) they
are, fasting, paying the zakat and performing the hajj (pilgrimage) are
all explained in details in the Sunnah. Similar questions were posed to
al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, the great ‘alim in Basrah. After giving the
explanation of the significance of the Sunnah, the questioner prayed
for him: لَقَدْ أَحْيَ يَتَنِي أَحْيَاكَ الل “You have enliven me, may Allah enliven
you.”
A man asked the scholar ‘Imrān ibn Ḥiṣṣīn r.a. about a certain
issue. He gave his answer from the Sunnah. The man said: “I am asking
you (the answer) from the Book of Allah, and do not tell me other than it.”
‘Imran said: “Do you find in the Book of Allah that the Zuhr prayer is four
rak’ahs (units) cited with low voice, the number of prayers, the number of
zakats, and the like?” Then he said: “Do you find this explained in the
Book of Allah? Verily, Allah made it general, and the Sunnah explains it.”
Al-Imām al-Shāfi‘ī was asked one day whether he still followed
the Sunnah. He told the questioner whether he had seen him coming
out of the church, namely, no longer a Muslim. He dealt with this
issue of inkār al-sunnah in his book al-Umm, with arguments in
details, so that people would keep following the Sunnah. Later, al-
Suyuti in his book Miftāḥ al-Jannah fi ‘l-Iḥtijāj bi’ l-Sunnah (“The
Key of Paradise in Applying Sunnah as Arguments”), and stated that
whoever denied it as one of the sources of the Shari’ah would became
non-Muslim, like the Jews and the Christians.
Unlike the classical inkār al-sunnah which emerged only out of
ignorance, modern inkār al-sunnah, although started with individuals’
view of people who have full conviction to it, later became a group of
people who call themselves Ahl al-Qur’ān (the Upholder of the
38
Qur’an), whereas their opponents call their view Inkār Sunnah. This
view emerged post the era of colonization, in Egypt and Indian Subcontinent
(Pakistan). In Egypt, Ahmad Amin in his Fajr al-Islām
(“The Dawn of Islam”) showed his doubt about the significance of the
Sunnah, and Maḥmūd Abū Rayyah in his book Aḍwā’ ‘alā ‘l-Sunnah
al-Muḥammadiyyah (“Light on the Muhammadan Sunnah”) where he
rejects the authority and authenticity of the Sunnah. In the Indian
Subcontinent (Pakistan) Ghulam Ahmad Parves (Perves) rejected
many hadiths widely accepted as authentic and declared a heretic by
some Muslim scholars for the same view, denying the authority and
authenticity of the). Hadiths (Sunnah).
In modern time we have Dr. Ahmed Sobhi Masour, a friend of
the late Rashad Khalifah who claimed to be a prophet, and Sa‘d al-
Dīn Ibrāhīm, the Director of Ibn Khaldūn Centre who was arrested
and accused of treason in 2002. Dr. Ahmed Sobhi was graduated from
the Department of Arabic Language at al-Azhar University, but
expelled from it in 1987 for spreading his view. In 2002 he obtained a
political asylum in the USA where he established his internet website
in 2004 called Ahl al-Qur’ān, to spread his view against the Sunnah
attacking hadiths and its scholars like Imam Bukhari. His books and
articles have been translated into English. He said that the trend of the
salaf (earlier generation, such as of the ṣaḥābah and the tābi‘īn) is
mainly based the ḥadīths written after the death of the Prophet and
then attributed to him. This is the Sunnah which he did not agree. The
Sunnah for him and for the Ahl al-Qur’ān is what the Qur’ān states
and put into practice. The only hadith they believe is the hadith of
Allah in the Qur’ān, as Allah said: ( فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ بَ عْدَهُ ي ؤُْمِنُونَ )الْعراف: 136 ) “In
what ḥadīth (message) after this will they then believe?”(Q. 7:185)
Their argument is the Qur’ān, as follows:
39
) وَنَ زَّلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ تِبْ يَانًا لِكُلِّ شَيْ ءٍ ) النحل : 39
…And We have sent down the Book (The Qur’ān)
as an exposition of everything…(Q. 7:185)
Therefore, for them, there is no need for Sunnah or hadiths.
The answer to this allegation is in the Qur’ān itself. Allah said:
.) وَأَنْ زَلْنَا إِلَ يكَ الذِّكْرَ لِتُبَ يِّنَ لِلنَّاسِ مَا ن زُِّلَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَلَّهُمْ يَ تَ فَكَّرُونَ )النحل: 44
…And we have also sent down to you
(O Muhammad)the Dhikr [reminder and
the advice, i.e. the Qur’ān],that you may
explain clearly to men what is sent
down to them, and that they may
give thought. (Q. 7:44)
Based on this verse the Prophet has a duty to explain the
meanings of the revealed verses and their application into practice.
The ṣaḥābah (companions) used to ask his explanation whenever they
have problem in understanding and applying the verses. For example,
a man asked him what would happen to his fasting when he had eaten
forgetting that he was fasting. The Prophet told him to keep fasting,
and that Allah had fed and given him to drink. The Prophet’s answer
was based on the Qur’ānic verses:
) رَب نََّا لَ تُ ؤَاخِذْنَا إِنْ نَسِينَا أَوْ أَخْطَأْنَا (البقرة: 335
…Our Lord! Punish us not if we forget
or fall into error (Q. 2:285).
) ولَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ فِيمَا أَخْطَأْتُمْ بِهِ وَلَكِنْ مَا تَ عَمَّدَتْ قُ لُوبُكُمْ )الْحزاب: 6
…And there is no sin on you concerning that in which
you made mistake, except in regard to what your
hearts deliberately intend…(Q. 33:5)
Other verses justifying the validity of the Sunnah as the second
source of the Shari‘ah are as follows:
40
وَمَا آَتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَ هَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْ تَ هُوا وَاتَّ قُوا اللَّهَ
. ) إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ )الحشر: 6
…and whatsoever the Messenger gives you, take it; and
whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it. And fear
Allah; verily, Allah is Severe in punishment. (Q. 59:7)
) قُلْ أَطِيعُواْ اللّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ فإِن تَ وَلَّوْاْ فَإِنَّ اللّهَ لََ يُحِبُّ الْكَافِرِينَ )آل عمران : 83
Say (O Muhammad) “Obey Allah and the Messenger
(Muhammad.”But if they turn away, then Allah does
not like the disbelievers (Q. 3:32).
وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ وَلََ مُؤْمِنَةٍ إِذَا قَضَى اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَمْرًا أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَ رَةُ مِنْ
.) أَمْرِهِمْ وَمَنْ يَ عْصِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَ قَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلَالًَ مُبِينًا )الْحزاب : 85
It is not for a believer, man or woman, when Allah and
His Messenger have decreed a matter that they should
have any option in their decision. And whoever
disobeys Allah and His Messenger, he has
indeed strayed into a plain error.(Q. 33:36)
.) مَنْ يُطِعِ الرَّسُولَ فَ قَدْ أَطَاعَ اللَّهَ )النساء: 35
He who obeys the Messenger [Muhammad],
has indeed obeyed Allah (Q. 4:80)
Some examples where the Prophet prohibited things not
mentioned in the Qur’ān are as follows:
- Abu Hurayrah r.a., said that the Messenger of Allah prohibited
from marrying a woman together with her paternal or maternal
aunt, whereas in the Qur’ān it is mentioned the prohibition of
marrying a woman together with her sister only (Reported by
Bukhari and Muslim).
) ... وَ أَنْ تَجْمَعُوا بَ يْنَ الُْْخْتَ يْنِ )النساء : 38
41
…and two sisters in wedlock at
the same time,… (Q. 4:23)
- Ali ibn Abu Talib said that the Prophet held silk in his right hand
and held gold in his left hand, then said: “These two things are
prohibited to the males of my ummah.” (Reported by Abū Dā’ūd,
Ibn Mājah, al-Nasā’ī, and Ahmad)
In conclusion, the duty of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. is not
only to convey the message of Islam in the Qur’an, but also to
explain it when it is not clear to some sahabah, giving examples
through practice, and a to be law maker. All these are found in the
Sunnah (sayings, deeds and tacit approvals of Prophet Muhammad
s.a.w.) which is the second source of Islamic law. (CIVIC,
21.12.12)
Sources:
المكتبة الشاملة
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
http://quran-m.com/container.php?fun=artview&id=1005
http://quran-m.com/container.php?fun=artview&id=983
http://www.islamweb.net/fatwa/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option
=FatwaId&Id=25570
http://www.elforkan.com/7ewar/showthread.php?t=2316
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIjxHONmm4k
(Kesesatan kelompok inkar Sunnah)
42
8. SHAYKH YŪSUF AL-QARAḌĀWĪ’S COMMENTARY
ON MAKING FRIENDSHIP (ALLIANCE,
LOYALTY) TO NON-MUSLIMS
Freedom of association in the Australian law is compatible with
that in Islamic law. Man is free to join or not to join an organization
or group, such as political parties, trade unions and social groups,
provided it is legal. It has to be peaceful, and no damage or injury to
people. In Islamic law it has to be exercised for propagation of doing
virtue and righteousness, not for doing evil and mischief.
Allah in the Qur’an orders Muslims to help each other. He says:
...وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَى وَلََّ تَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ
) وَاتَّقُوا اللََّّ إِنَّ اللََّّ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ )المائدة: 3
…Help you one another in virtue, righteousness
and piety; but do not help one another in sin and
transgression. And fear Allah. Verily, Allah
is severe in punishment.(Q. 5:2)
Allah also says to the whole mankind:
يَا أَ يهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُمْ مِنْ ذَكَ ر وَأُنْثَى وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ شُعُوبًا وَقَبَائِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوا
) إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِنْدَ اللَِّّ أَتْقَاكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّّ عَلِي م خَبِي ر )الحجرات: 38
O mankind! We created you from a single
[pair] of a male and a female, and made you
into nations and tribes, that you may know each
other (not that you may despise each other). Verily,
the most honoured of you in the sight of Allah is
(he who is) the most righteous of you. And Allah
has full knowledge and is well-acquainted
(with all things). (Q. 49:13)
To know each other implies mutual assistance. Man is a social
being. Being different in gender, race, language and skin colour, is
43
one of the signs of Allah as a Creator, and the difference makes us
curious to know each other. This difference leads to mutual
understanding, assistance, cooperation, and integration. This is in line
with the spirit of multicultural Australia whereby people of different
in faiths, cultures, and background live cooperatively together. There
no superiority of one individual, race, or gender in the sight of Allah
except through righteousness.
If someone says that according to the Qur’an Muslims are not
allowed to take non-Muslims as friends, it is by translating the word
wali, meaning “friend” which one of its many meanings. This
meaning can be justified only if the intended verse means non-
Muslims who are hostile to Muslims. The word walī ( وَلِ ي ) has many
meanings, as follows: near, nearby; neighbouring, adjacent; close; (its
plural: awliyā’, أَوْلِيَاء ) helper, supporter, benefactor, sponsor; friend,
close associate; relative; patron, protector; legal guardian, curator,
tutor; a man close to God, holy man, saint; proprietor, possessor,
owner. Some examples are as follows:
لََّ يَتَّخِذِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ
فَلَيْسَ مِنَ اللََِّّ فِي شَيْ ء إِلَّ أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً وَيُحَذِّرُكُمُ اللَّّ نَفْسَهُ
) وَإِلَى اللَِّّ الْمَصِيرُ ) آل عمران: 23
Let not the believers take the disbelievers
as auliya (supporters, helpers) instead of the
believers, and whoever does that will never be
helped by Allah in any way , except if you indeed
fear a danger from them. And Allah warns you
against Himself (His punishment) and Allah
is Able to do all things (Q. 3:28)
Here Allah warns the Muslims not to take non-believers instead
of believers as supporters, unless they fear of any danger, or Allah
will punish them. This threat of punishment is repeated in another
surah and verse, as follows:
44
يَاأَ يهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا لَ تَتَّخِذُوا الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
)٤٤٤ : أَتُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَجْعَلُوا لِل عَلَيْكُمْ سُلْطَانًا مُبِينًا )النساء ٤
O you believe! Take not for loyalty and
sincerity disbelievers instead of believers.
Do you wish to offer Allah a manifest
proof against yourselves? (Q. 4:144)
means, “proof against you that warrants receiving His torment.”
In another verse Allah specifies the Jews and the Christians, as
follows:
يَا أَ يهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَ نوا لَ تَتَّخِذُوا الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَى أَوْلِيَاءَ
بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ بَعْ ض وَمَنْ يَتَوَلَّهُمْ مِنْكُمْ فَإِنَّهُ مِنْهُمْ
) إِنَّ اللَّّ لَ يَهْدِي الْقَوْمَ الظَّالِمِينَ )المائدة: 33
O you who believe! Take not the Jews and the
Christians as auliya (friends, protectors, helpers)
,they are but auliya of each other. And if any amongst
you takes them as auliya, then surely he is one of them.
Verily, Allah guides not those people who are
zalimun (polytheists and wrong-doers
and unjust) (Q. 5:51)
It means Christians help their fellow Christians, and the Jews
help their fellow Jews. In the following verse even our fathers and
brothers are not allowed to be taken as awliyā’.
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا لََّ تَتَّخِذُوا آَبَاءَكُمْ وَإِخْوَانَكُمْ أَوْلِيَاءَ إِنِ اسْتَحَبُّوا الْكُفْرَ عَلَى
) الْإِيمَانِ وَمَنْ يَتَوَلَّهُمْ مِنْكُمْ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ )التوبة: 30
O you who believe! Take not as auliyā’ (supporters, helpers)
your fathers and your brothers if they prefer disbelief
to belief. And whoever of you does so, then he is one
of the wrong-doers. (Q. 9:23)
Quoting some of the above verse, the contemporary Muslim
scholar Shaykh Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī said that these verses and some
45
hadiths of the Prophet are superficially understood to indicate the
fanatical attitude of Islam towards the Jews, the Christians and others.
After considering carefully and investigating the history, the occasion
and surrounding conditions which led to the revelation of these verses
he gave his commentary as follows:
1. The prohibition is taking as awliyā’ (friends, allies) are those who
are different as specified groups with their own religions, beliefs,
views, and characteristics, namely, characterizing them as Jews,
Christians, Zoroastrians (Magians), not characterized as
neighbours, colleagues, or citizens. The loyalty of Muslims is to
Muslim ummah (community, nation) alone. Hence, the warning of
taking them as allies is mentioned in several verses in the Qur’an.
The verse “other than the believers” (Q. 3:28, 4: 138-139 and144)
indicates that loyalty to them was at the expense of the believers; it
is what is known in the political technical term “treason”.
2. The friendship prohibited in the above verses is not friendship with
those who have different religions, but friendship with those who
offend the Muslims and oppose Allah and His Messenger, as Allah
said:
(a) لََّ تَجِدُ قَوْ ا ما يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّّ وَالْيَوْمِ الَْْخِرِ يُوَادُّونَ مَنْ حَادَّ اللََّّ وَرَسُولَه وَلَوْ كَانُوا آَبَاءَهُمْ
) أَوْ أَبْنَاءَهُمْ أَوْ إِخْوَانَهُمْ أَوْ عَشِيرَتَهُمْ ... )المجادلة: 33 “You (Muhammad)
will not find any people who believe in Allah and the Last Day,
making friendship with those who oppose Allah and His
Messenger, even though they were their fathers or their sons or
their brothers or their kindred (people)…” (Q. 58:22). Opposing
Allah and His Messenger is not simply denying them, but
waging war on their message, standing up against it and
offending the Muslims.
(b) يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا لََّ تَتَّخِذُوا عَدُوِّي وَعَدُوَّكُمْ أَوْلِيَاءَ تُلْقُونَ إِلَيْهِمْ بِالْمَوَدَّةِ وَقَدْ كَفَرُوا بِمَا
جَاءَكُمْ مِنَ الْحَقِّ يُخْرِجُونَ الرَّسُولَ وَإِيَّاكُمْ أَنْ تُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّّ رَبِّكُمْ “O you who
believe! Take not My enemies and your enemies as friends,
46
showing affection towards them, while they have disbelieved in
what has come to you of the truth, and have driven out the
Messenger and yourselves (from your homeland) because you
believe in Allah, your Lord!...” (Q.60:1). This verse indicates
the prohibition of making friendship and showing affection to
the idolater with two conditions altogether: their denial of Islam
and their expelling the Messenger and the believers from their
homeland without any valid justification.
(c) لََّ يَنْهَاكُمُ اللََّّ عَنِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ أَنْ تَبَرُّوهُمْ
وَتُقْسِطُوا إِلَيْهِمْ إِنَّ اللََّّ يُحِبُّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ . إِنَّمَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللََّّ عَنِ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ
وَأَخْرَجُوكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ وَظَاهَرُوا عَلَى إِخْرَاجِكُمْ أَنْ تَوَلَّوْهُمْ وَمَنْ يَتَوَلَّهُمْ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ
)1- الظَّالِمُونَ )الممتحنة: 8 “Allah does not forbid you to deal justly and
kindly with those fought not against you on account of religion
nor drove you out of your homes. Verily, Allah loves those who
deal with equity. It is only as regards those who fought against
you on account of religion, and have driven you out of your
homes, and helped to drive you out, that Allah forbids you to
befriend them. And whosoever will befriend them, then such are
the wrongdoers.” (Q. 60:8-9). These verses mention two groups
of people: a group of people who are peaceful to the Muslims,
do not fight them for their religion, and do not expel them from
their homes: these people deserve kindness and equity. The
other group of people is those who are hostile and oppose the
Muslims through fighting them or expelling them from their
homes, or help in expelling them, to them Muslims are not
allowed to befriend with them. The meaning of this divine text
is that the Muslims are allowed to befriend to another group
(which is not hostile to the Muslims).
3. The Muslims are allowed to marry the women of the People of the
Book (Jewish and Christians). Married life has to be based on
spiritual tranquillity, love, and mercy, as indicated in the Qur’ān,
وَمِنْ آَيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَا ا جا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّة ا وَرَحْمَة ا إِنَّ فِي
47
) ذَلِكَ لََْيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ )الروم: 33 ) “And among His Signs is that He
created for you wives from among yourselves, that you may find
repose in them, and He has put between you affection and mercy.
Verily, in that are indeed signs for a people who reflect.” (Q.
30:21). This indicates that there is no harm in showing affection
(of a Muslim) towards a non-Muslim. How could it be possible
that a man does not love his Jewish or Christian wife, and for a
boy not to love his (maternal) grand-parents, (maternal) uncles and
aunts if his mother is a Jewess or a Christian?
4. The undoubted truth is that Islam confirms the promotion of
religious bond above any bond, either blood, territorial, race, or
social class. A Muslim is a brother of another Muslim; a believer
is a brother of another believer. The Muslims are one ummah
(nation); they quickly protect their deprived ones. They are power
over others. A Muslim is closer to another Muslim than any non-
Muslim, even if he is his own father, son or brother. This, Shaykh
al-Qaraḍāwī asserts, is not exclusively in Islam, but it is the nature
of every religion and every belief. He claims that this view is also
confirmed in the Bible.
In conclusion, Islam is always a peaceful religion in teaching,
propagating and promoting peace and tranquillity in this world. It is
its followers who sometimes misunderstand or are extreme in
understanding of its teachings which lead them to act extremely. The
proverb says: “Half knowledge is dangerous.” (CIVIC, 22.02.13).
المراجع:
تفسير أبن كثير
المازني , إبراهيم بن محمد. التعامل مع الْخر: شواهد تاريخية من الحضارة الْسلَمية
.387- الرياض: مركز الملك عبد العزيز للحوار الوطني , 3136 ه، ص 383
48
9. CHILD AND WIFE-BEATING IN ISLAM
Before dealing with wife-biting claimed to have been practiced
among Muslims, I would like to speak about the culture of beating.
Since I was born in Indonesia where I lived over twenty-years, lived in
Egypt over ten years, and in Saudi Arabia four years, I would like to
talk about beating in these areas.
In Indonesia, the culture of beating school children was
practiced during the Dutch and Japanese occupations, even till the
early 50s. It was one of many ways of punishing them for not doing
their school assignments, and for their bad behavior. We could
understand that, as we did not have any qualified teacher. The
education and teachers of elementary schools at that time were 6
year Dutch elementary school (Kweek School) with an extra teaching
training about two years, and sometimes as apprentices. In late 1946
or early 47, when I was at grade 2, an inspector come to our class
testing the apprentice teacher in counting: “Four and a half plus four
and a half?” The apprentice answered: “Sembilan, tuan!” (Nine, sir!).
Even I myself can answer that easy question.”
That was in government schools. In the madrasahs (Islamic
religious schools) where most of the subjects taught were Islamic
and Arabic, physical punishment mostly with beating the hand and
the foot with a stick was also practiced and was accepted in the
community. With minor mistakes, pulling the ear was also practiced.
Among the Arabs, especially the ancient Arabs, beating was
common and was acceptable. There are many Arabic proverbs,
mentioned it, such as
49
a. العَبْدُ يُضْرَبُ بِاْلعَصَا وَ الْحُرُّ يَكْفِيْهِ الإشَارَة “The slave is beaten with stick [to
discipline him], whereas for the free-man gesture would be
sufficient.”
b. اْلعَصَا لِمَنْ عَصَى “Sticks are used for those who disobey.”
c. ضَرْبُ اْلحَ بِيْبِ أَحْلَى مِنْ أَكْلِ الزَّبِيْب “The beating of the beloved-one is
sweeter than eating sultanas.”
d. ضَرْبُ اْلمُعَلِّمِ تُسْلَمُ أَيْدُه “The beating of the teacher (instructor, master)
is accepted with appreciation.”
The second caliph ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb was known for his strict
rule and beating people. Some examples are as follows:
a. He beat people who performed the abrogated recommended 2
rak‘ah (units) prayer after ‘asr (late afternoon) prayer. It was also
reported that ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbās did the abrogated
recommended 2 rak‘ah, probably to discourage people from
delaying their ‘asr obligatory prayer till sunset.
b. He beat a person who came to his office while he was busy. He
realised his mistake, and demanded and insisted retaliation from
him, but the person also insisted to forgive him.
c. He beat the slave-girl of Anas family when he saw her covering
her head. He told her: اكْشِفِي رَأْسَكِ، لََ تَشَبَّهِينَ بِالْحَرَائِرِ “Uncover your
head, do not be like free women.”
d. He beat Ubayy ibn Ka‘b with an udder as a reprimand when he
saw him let people walk behind him (out of respect). He also beat
his son ‘Ubaydullah for drinking alcohol.
As a last resort the Prophet ordered parents to beat their
children if they do not pray at the age of ten. But if the parents pray
their children would also pray following their examples. He said:
مُرُوا أَبْ نَاءكَُمْ بِالصَّلَاةِ لِسَبْعِ سِنِينَ وَاضْرِبُوهُمْ عَلَيْ هَا لِعَشْرِ سِنِينَ ...
50
)رواه أحمد و النسائي و الترمذي و الطبراني و البيهقي(
Order your children to pray at the age of seven, and
beat them at the age of ten (in order to pray)
(Reported by Ahmad, al-Nasa’i, al-Tirmidhi,
al-Tabrani, and al-Bayhaqi)
إِذَا بَ لَغَ الْغُلَامُ سَبْعَ سِنِينَ أُمِرَ بِالصَّلَاةِ فَإِذَا بَ لَغَ عَشْرًا ضُرِبَ عَلَيْ هَا
)رواه أحمد و النسائي و الترمذي و الطبراني و البيهقي)
If the boy reaches the age of seven he shall
be ordered to pray, and be beaten at the age
of ten (in order to pray)(Reported by
Ahmad, al-Nasā’ī, al-Tirmidhī,
al-Ṭabrānī, and al-Bayhaqī)
In mid 50s teachers in Egypt still used stick to discipline their
pupils and students. I witnessed myself a director of al-Azhar high
school for foreign students used to have a stick in his hand to chase
students into their classrooms when the time for class was starting. It
happened in early 1959.
Beating the students’ palm-hands by their teachers as
punishment was common in elementary and junior secondary
school, especially in rural areas in Saudi Arabia. As a teacher at the
secondary school (1969-1973) I was told to do the same, which I did
reluctantly. When I rebuked a student for his misbehavior, he raised
his palms to be beaten as punishment before being asked. It was a
gesture to end-up my reproach. This happened in 1970.
A student himself would give his teacher a good stick as a present
to be used to discipline his students, and he knew that one day he
might be “the victim”, and I as a teacher received one. At that time it
51
was acceptable for a teacher to beat his students’ palms exclusively
to discipline them.
In the first half of the 20th century corporeal punishment was
accepted as an effective means to discipline pupils of elementary
schools among the Arabs and Indonesians. However, students of
senior high schools, let alone university students, are mature
enough, and have enough responsibility and good character that
beating is no longer necessary. There are many other ways of
punishing students rather than using corporeal punishment.
In about 1994 an Indonesian friend of Arab descent in Sydney
told me that his daughter complained to him of her teacher’s
corporeal punishment. He went to her school, met the principal and
the teacher, and told him, “I don’t mind if you punish my daughter,
as long as you do not break her bones.”
Some Muslims beat their wives for various reasons, such as: to
show that they are the masters of the house, being raised and
occasionally beaten by their parents, and saw their fathers beating
their mothers, being mentally ill, misunderstanding the Qur’anic
verses dealing with family lives, and thinking that wife-beating is
normal, like beating school children.
Ghawwār, a 20th century well-known actor among the Arabs
for his satirical remarks, in one of his film he was married to his
cousin. When his wife complained to him for beating her, he said, “It
is alright, you beat the children, and the children would beat the
children of our neighbour,” as if beating is normal and not to be fussy
about.
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. who was sent as an example for
Muslims, never beat his wives, but treated him the best treatment.
He detested wife-beating and beating women in general. He said:
52
لَ تَضْرِبُوا إِمَاءَ اللَّهِ )رواه أبو داؤد و ابن ماجة
و النسائي و أحمد و ابن حبان(
“Never beat God’s handmaidens.”
(Reported by Abū Dā’ūd, Ibn Mājah, an-Nasā’i,
Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Ibn Ḥibbān).
He also said,
يَضْرِبُ أَحَدُكُمُ امْرَأَتَهُ ضَرْبَ الْعَ بْدِ، ثُمَّ ي عَُانِقُهَا آخِرَ النَّ هَار )متفق عليه(
“Could any of you beat his wife as he would
beat a slave, and then lie down with her in
the evening?” (Bukhari and Muslim).
خَيْ رُكُمْ خَيْ رُكُمْ لَِْهْلِهِ, وَأَنَا خَيْ رُكُمْ لَِْهْلِي )رواه ابن ماجه(
The best among you is the one who treats his
family the best, and I am the best in treating family.
(Reported by Ibn Mājah).
خِيَارُكُمْ خِيَارُكُمْ لِنِسَائِهِمْ )رواه الترمذي(
The best among you is the one who treats his
wife the best (Reported by al-Tirmidhi)
‘Umar who was known for his hard treatment did not beat his
wife. A man came to his house to complain to him about his wife’s
mistreatment. He waited at his door and heard Umar’s wife treated
him harshly. The man left home, but Umar saw him and called him.
When he was asked the purpose of his visit he said that it was about
his wife’s mistreatment, but he saw that even the caliph Umar’s wife
mistreated him and he tolerated it. ‘Umar said that it was because
his wife had done lots of things: baking, cooking his food, washing his
clothes and raising his children. He advised the man to tolerate his
wife’s mistreatment and said that it would not last long.
53
The Qur’ān which was referred to permitting wife-beating is as
follows:
...وَاللَّاتِي تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوهُنَّ وَاهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِي الْمَضَاجِعِ وَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ
( فَإِنْ أَطَعْنَكُمْ فَلَا تَ بْ غُوا عَلَيْهِنَّ سَبِيلًا إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيًّا كَبِيرًا )النساء: 84
And to those women on whose part you see ill conduct,
admonish them, and abandon them in their beds, and beat
them, but if they return to obedience, do not seek
a means against them. Surely, Allah is Ever
Most High, Most Great. (Q. 4: 34)
However, this beating, if it is absolutely necessary, is only the
last resort if the wife “has become guilty, in an obvious manner, of
immoral conduct” which is the interpretation of the term “nushūz”
mentioned in the verse. When admonishing her failed, then
abandoning her in her bed. According to the Qur’ānic commentators
al-Suddī, al-Daḥḥā q, ‘Ikrimah and Ibn Abbās, it includes “not to
speak with her or talk to her.” Ibn ‘Abbas also said that in includes
“to lie on her bed with his back to her.” When this also fails, then
beating her as the last sort, but it should be done “in such a way not
to cause pain (ghayr mubarriḥ)”. The well-known commentator of
the Qur’ān al-Ṭabarī mentioned the view of earlier scholars that the
beating should be only symbolic, with a piece of siwāk (a small stick
used for cleaning and polishing the teeth after softening its tip) or
anything. Another early Qur’ānic commentator al-Rāzi said that the
beating should be very light even with a folded handkerchief. Many
great early scholars such as al-Shāfi‘ī said that although beating is
permissible, it should be avoided following the Prophet’s own
personal feeling on this matter. (See commentary of Muhammad
Asad on this verse in his translation of the Qur’an entitle The
Message of the Qur’an on this verse):
54
Following the teaching and the example of the Prophet beating
women in general and wives in particular should be banned in this
modern time. The outdated tradition of child beating should be
stopped, and instead, understanding the motives of children’s
behaviour would help us in making them behave better.
An article entitled “Disciplining Your Child without Beating” by
UNICEF Jamaica and Parenting Corner gives us some advices among
which are as follows:
- Physical punishment sometimes causes serious physical and
emotional damage to children. Some of them get used to it and
means nothing to them. Others may rebel and act out against it.
- The parents should set the right example for their children, and
follow the rules they have set. If the children do something
wrong, give them a time-out - that is make them sit in a quiet
place away from others. It also will give the parents to cool off
and the children to think about their misbehavior. Then they
discuss the problem with their children.
- Another option is to take away their favourite toys, or preventing
them from playing with their friends for a particular period. The
parents should praise, reward and show lots of love and trust to
their children when they do well.
- The parents should spend time, communicate with their children,
and encourage them to speak freely with them. (CIVIC, 01.03.13)
المراجع:
المكتبة الشاملة
تفسير الطبري
تفسير القرطبي
لفسير ابن كثير
http://www.unicef.org/jamaica/parenting_corner_2904.htm
55
10. TIME WILL COME
A prophet, in Arabic نَبِيْئ (nabī’) -- and later became نَ بِّيَ (nabīy)
for easy articulating -- literally means “a person who prophesies,
nabba’a ) نَ بَّأَ ( what will happen in the future, naba’ ) النَّبَأ ( Its plural is
anbā’ ( أَنْ بَاء ). The Arabic word for what has happened in the past is , خَ بَر
its plural is أَخْبَار “news” in English. Then these two words نَ بَأ and خَبَر
are used as synonyms, both have the same meaning, namely, what
will happen in the future as well as what happened in the past. As the
word naba’ and its derivatives are easier to articulate than khabar and
its derivatives, it is used mostly in the Qur’ān, as it is to be read by
Arabs as well as non-Arabs.
As a prophet who brought the Qur’ān to people, it contains
many prophecies of the future. He also prophesies many things not
mentioned directly in the Qur’ān, such as follows:
لَ يَأْتِي زَمَانٌ إِلَ الَّذِي بَ عْدَهُ شَرٌّ مِنْهُ حَتَّى تَ لْقَوْا رَبَّكُمْ )رواه البخاري(
Time will come where its later will be worse
than what precedes it, until you meet your Lord
(Reported by Bukhari)
The Prophet s.a.w. also said:
إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَ يَ قْبِضُ الْعِلْمَ انْتِزَاعًا يَ نْتَزِعُهُ مِنْ الْعِبَادِ، وَلَكِنْ يَ قْبِضُ الْعِلْمَ
بِقَبْضِ الْعُلَمَاءِ، حَتَّى إِذَا لَمْ ي بُْقِ عَالِمًا اتَّخَذَ النَّاسُ رُءُوسًا جُهَّالًَ فَسُ ئِلُوا
فَأَفْ تَ وْا بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ فَضَلُّوا وَأَضَلُّوا )رواه البخاري(
Allah does not take away the knowledge, by taking it away
from (the hearts of) the people, but takes it away by the death
of the religious learned men till when none of the (religious
learned men) remains, people will take as their leaders
ignorant persons who when consulted will give their
verdict without knowledge. So they will go astray and
56
will lead people astray (Reported by Bukhari)
The Prophet s.a.w. prophesised that religious knowledge would
be disappeared and religious ignorance would appear. He said:
مِنْ أَشْرَاطِ السَّاعَةِ أَنْ ي رُْفَعَ الْعِلْمُ وَيَ ثْبُتَ الْجَهْلُ وَتُشْرَبَ الْخُمُورُ
وَيَظْهَرَ الزِّنَا )رواه البخاري(
From among the portents of the Hour are (the
following): religious knowledge will be taken
away (by the death of religious learned men);
(religious) ignorance will prevail; drinking of
alcoholic drink (will be very common); there
will be prevalence of zina (adultery)
. (Reported by Bukhari)
Nowadays people learning Islamic knowledge become less and
less compared to those who learn other subjects, especially IT, as it is
highly required almost everywhere. If we look around us we find that
many of the children of our scholars in Islam, ‘ulamā’, are not
interested in becoming ‘ulamā’. Non-Arab among them cannot read
the Arabic books of their parents which could be rare and very
valuable books. When the parents died these books end up in the
bookshops or the library of Islamic schools (madrasahs).
Ignorance of Islamic knowledge is starting to prevail, as many
Muslims give their personal opinions about a certain subject in Islam,
sometimes based of what they call “common sense”. There is danger
in basing the truth on ”common sense” as it is relative and keeps
changing based on time and place. Reading the translations of Islamic
books without referring to their original Arabic language, especially
the Qur’ān and the Ḥadīth, does not guarantee that a person masters
Islamic knowledge. If someone said that you do not have to know
Arabic to know Islam, I would say that you do not have to know
English in order to know English literature.
57
Drinking alcohol has become common in Western countries, so
that road accident and alcohol are mostly closely related. When a
Muslim convert told the police man who checked his breath for
alcohol that he did not drink such thing, the police man said to him:
“If everybody is like you, then I could lose my job.“ That means
alcohol and the like, although it is bad for causing many accidents and
creating problems, at the same time it creates jobs.
Adultery is common, that every big city has usually a red light
district where brothels are, and people working there would not be
very ashamed for their job, as they are working serving people in “sex
industry”, just like working in steel industry, and pay taxes like any
other workers. Marriage institution becomes in jeopardy, and even
some married people do not want to have babies, although the main
purpose of marriage is procreation beside sakīnah (tranquillity). In
Islam having children is an investment for the Hereafter where they
are expected to pray for their parents after their death. For those who
do not believe in this, may consider having children to be a burden,
and therefore they preferred keeping pets, cats, dogs, etc. rather than
having babies. These animals are affectionate and obedient to their
owners, and unlike children, they never talk back.
A similar ḥadīth is as follows:
مِنْ أَشْرَاطِ السَّاعَةِ أَنْ يَقِلَّ الْعِلْمُ وَ يَظْهَرَ الْجَهْلُ وَيَظْهَرَ الزِّنَا وَتَكْثرَ النِّسَاءُ
وَيَقِلَّ الرِّجَالُ حَتَّى يَكُونَ لِخَمْسِينَ امْرَأَةً الْقَيِّمُ الْوَاحِدُ )رواه البخاري(
From the portents of the Hour are: (religious) knowledge
will decrease, there will be prevalence of zina (adultery),
women will increase in number so much so that fifty
women will be looked after by one man.
(Reported by Bukhari)
The number of men will decrease, but the number of women
will increase drastically, so that it will reach fifty times more than
men. Those who are involved in and victims of arm conflicts are
58
mostly men. Although the policy of the government in China that
every couple should have one baby only, they prefer males, the
number of females in the world keeps increasing more than males.
More girls are born than boys.
The number of pious and religious men will decrease.
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. said:
رواه البخاري( ( » إِنَّمَا النَّاسُ كَالإِبِلِ المِائَةِ، لََ تَكَادُ تَجِدُ فِيهَا رَاحِلَة «
People are like a hundred camels, you almost do not find
a proper one suitable for traveling and carrying goods.
(Reported by Bukhari)
It means that time will come when there will be so many people,
but the those who are following Allah’s prescription are very few.
A ḥadīth with a similar meaning is as follows:
يُوشِكُ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ زَمَانٌ ي غَُرْبَلُ النَّاسُ فِيهِ غَرْبَ لَةً، تَ بْ قَى حُثَالَةٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ، «
وَشَبَّكَ بَ يْنَ أَصَابِعِهِ، » قَدْ مَرِجَتْ عُهُودُهُمْ، وَأَمَانَاتُ هُمْ، وَاخْتَ لَفُوا فَكَانُوا هَكَذَا
تَأْخُذُونَ مَا تَ عْرِفُونَ، وَتَذَرُونَ « : فَ قَالُوا: وَكَيْفَ بِنَا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ؟ قَالَ
مَا تُ نْكِرُونَ، وَتُ قْبِلُونَ عَلَى أَمْرِ خَاصَّتِكُمْ، وَتَذَرُونَ أَمْرَ عَامَّتِكُمْ )رواه النسائي(
Time soon will come when good people will go and
bad people remain; they will break their promises and
faithfulness, and disagree among themselves, and they
become like this (the Prophet intertwined his fingers);
they said: what shall we do then, O Messenger of
Allah? He said: Do what you think is right and leave
what you think is not right, and turn to the order
of your leading personalities, and avoid the order
of your common people. (Reported by al-Nasā’ī)
Time will come when the majority of people are crook and
unreliable, so that we do not know who is good and who is bad. At
that time, the Prophet told us to stick to what we think is right and
59
avoid what we think is wrong, and turn to the order of educated
people and avoid the order of common people.
In a long ḥadīth the Prophet said that among the signs of the
coming of the Hour are:
... أَنْ تَلِدَ الَْْمَةُ رَبَّ تَ هَا، وَأَنْ تَ رَى الْحُفَاةَ الْعُرَاةَ الْعَالَةَ رِعَاءَ الشَّاءِ
يَ تَطَاوَلُونَ فِي الْبُ نْ يَانِ )رواه مسلم(
… that the slave-girl will give birth to her mistress,
that you will see the barefooted ones, the naked, the
destitute, the herdsmen of the sheep (competing
with each other) in raising lofty buildings."
(Reported by Muslim)
This means that parents would have no longer any authority
over their children, and children would no longer respect their
parents. Parents would desperately try to please their children as if
they are their masters.
The second sign of the coming of the Hour is poor barefoot
shepherds suddenly became rich and competing with one another over
building the tallest building. Among the 300 tall buildings in the
world, the tallest one is the Skyscraper Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United
Arab Emirates, 828 m high, built in 2010, consisting of 163 floor.
Abu Dhabi, is the second leading country, that built 55 tall buildings
in this 21th century (except one, Burj al-‘Arab, built in 1999), after
China that built about 75 high buildings. The USA has 41 high
buildings, and Australia has 7 high buildings.
The second high building in the world is Makkah Royal Clock
Tower, has 120 (123?) floors, 601 m high, took more than five years
to build, completed in 2012, The third tallest building is Taipei 101 in
Taipei (Taiwan), has 101 floors, 509 m high, built in 2004 the tallest
building in the world at that time. The fourth tallest building is
Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, has 101 floors, 492 m
60
high, built in 2008. The fifth tallest building is International
Commerce Centre in Hongkong, has 118 floors, 484 m high, built in
2010. The sixth tallest building is Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala
Lumpur, has 88 floors, 452 m high, built in 1998.
The Sky City in Changsha in China is planning to be built the
tallest skyscraper in the world, 10 meters taller than Burj Khalifa in
Dubai, standing at 838m high, over 220 floors.
The proposed tallest building in the world that will also take
over Burj Khalifa as the tallest skyscraper will be the Kingdom Tower
in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1,000 meter high. It will be built by the
Saudi construction firm Ben Laden Group in over five years. The
tower will include a hotel, serviced apartments, and luxury
condominiums.
High rise apartment buildings are in great demand, especially in
the Arab countries in the Middle East, where the populations are
increasing rapidly with limited space. The discovery of oil in these
desert countries that turns them into oil rich ones is the main
contribution to the fulfillment of this pressing need for high rising
buildings. The Prophet s.a.w. had prophesized it over one thousand
years ago. (CIVIC, 22.03.13)
Bibliography
1. Maktabah Shamilah
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_
world
3. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-to-buildworlds-
tallest-building--injust-90-days-8340870
4. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/feb/21/shard-builderworlds-
tallest-skyscraper.html
5. http://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait
61
11. THE MEANINGS OF WALĪ AND ITS DERIVATIVES
The word walī ) وَلِيْ ( derived from the verb waliya ) وَلِيَ ( which
has many meanings: to be near (someone or something), to be close
(to), to adjoin (something), to be adjacent (to); to follow (someone
or something), to border (on something); to be a friend (of
someone), be friends (with someone); to be in charge, manage, run,
administer, govern, rule, have power (authority or the command).
The word walī ) وَلِيّ ( has also many meanings derived from its
verb mentioned above, as follows: near, nearby; neighbouring,
adjacent; close; (its plural: awliyā’ أَوْلِيَاء (, helper, supporter,
benefactor, sponsor; friend, close associate; relative; patron,
protector; legal guardian, curator, tutor; a man close to God, holy
man, saint; proprietor, possessor, owner.
The expression waliyyullāh ) وَلِيُّ اللّه ( is usually translated as “the
friend of God” because of someone’s piety and constant
consciousness of Him. The expression waliyyul ’amr ) وَلِيُّ الَْمْر ( means
“the responsible manager, the man in charge; ruler; tutor, legal
guardian”. The expression waliyyul ‘ahd ) وَلِيُّ الْعَهْد ( means “successor to
the throne, heir apparent, crown prince.”
Another derivative of the above term is mawlā ) مَوْلَى ( ; its plural
is mawālī ) مَوَالِيْ ( . It means: master, lord (hence the term al-Mawlā
means “the Lord”); protector, patron; client; charge; friend,
companion, associate.
There are two verbal nouns of this term, namely, walā’ ) )وَلََءْ
and wilāyah ) وِلََيَة (: The term walā’ وَلََء ( means: friendship, amity;
benevolence, goodwill; fidelity, fealty, allegiance; devotion, loyalty;
62
clientage. The term wilāyah وِلََيَة ( means: sovereign power,
sovereignty; rule, government.
The general meaning of walī and its derivatives is: “the
protector, the helper, the person in charge of someone’s affairs, the
guardian.” Al-H.usayn al-Dāmaghānī (d. 823 AH/3036 CE) mentions
ten meanings of the term walī ) وَلِيْ ( and its derivatives in the Qur’ān
according to Qur’ānic commentators, as follows:
1. Agnate, paternal relative ) الْمَوْلى = الْعَصَبَة (, as in the following
verse:
)٥: وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِنْ وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا... )مريم ٩١
“And verily, I fear my relatives [in the male line] after me,
and my wife is barren…” (Q. 19:5)
2. Son ) أَلْوَلَد ( , as in the following verse:
)٥: ... فَ هَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ وَلِيًّا )مريم ٩١
“So give me from yourself an heir [i.e., a son].” (Q. 19:5)
The above verse is the prayer of Prophet Zakariyyā (Zechariah
a.s.) to Allah to be blessed with a son who would be a heir for
him
3. Companion, friend ) الصَّحِب ( as in the following verse:
)٩١ : مَنْ يَ هْدِ اللَّه فَ هُوَ الْمُهْتَدِ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَ لَنْ تَجِدَ لَه وَلِيًّا مُرْشِدًا )الكهف ٩١
He whom Allah guides, he is the rightly guided; but he
Whom He sends astray, for him you will find no guiding
friend to lead him (to the Right Path). (Q. 18:17)
4. Near relative ) اْلمَوْلى = الْقَرِيْب (, as in the following verse:
يَ وْمَ لََ ي غُْنِي مَوْلًى عَنْ مَوْلًى شَيْئًا وَلََ هُمْ ي نُْصَرُونَ إِلََّ مَنْ رَحِمَ اللَّه
63
)١٤- إِنَّه هُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الرَّحِيمُ )الدخان : ١٩
The Day when a near relative cannot avail a near
relative in aught, and no help can they receive, except
him on whom Allah has mercy. Verily, He is the
All-Mighty, the Most Merciful (Q. 44:41-42)
5. Protector ) اْلمَوْلَى (, as in the following verse:
) ٩٩ : ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّ اللَّه مَوْلَى الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا وَأَنَّ الْكَافِرِينَ لََ مَوْلَى لَهُمْ )محمد ١١
That is because Allah is the Protector of those who believe,
and the disbelievers have no protector. (Q. 47:11)
6. Lord ) اْلمَوْلَى = الرَّبّ (, as in the following verse:
)ْ ٩١: قُل أَغَيْ رَ اللّهِ أَتَّخِذُ وَلِيًّا فَطِرِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَ الَْرْضِ وَهُوَ يُطْعِمُ وَلََ يُطْعَمْ... )الْنعام ٦
Say (O Muhammad): “Shall I take as a Lord any other
than Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth?
And it is He Who feeds but is not fed” …(Q. 6:14)
7. Protector, supporter in religion ) اْلمَوْلى مِنَ الْوِلََيَةِ فِي الدِّيْن ( , as in the
following verse:
الْمُؤْمِنُونَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَاتُ بَ عْضُ هُمْ أَوْلِيَاء بَ عْضٍ
يَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَ نْ هَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَيُقِيمُونَ الصَّلَاة وَي ؤُْتُونَ الزَّكَاة )١٩: وَيُطِيعُونَ اللَّه وَرَسُولَه أُولَئِكَ سَيَ رْحَمُهُمُ اللَّه إِنَّ اللَّه عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ )التوبة ١
The believers, men and women, are protectors (supporters)
of one another [in religion]; they enjoin what is just and
forbid what is evil; they observe regular prayers, practice regular
charity, and obey Allah and His Messenger.
On them will Allah pour His mercy: for Allah
is Exalted in power, Wise. (Q. 9:71)
8. Client, freed slave ) اْلمَوْلَى = المُعْتَق (, as in the following verse:
64
ادْعُوهُمْ لََِبَائِهِمْ هُوَ أَقْسَطُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَ عْلَمُوا آَبَاءَهُمْ
)٥ : فَإِخْوَانُكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَمَوَالِيكُمْ )الْحزاب ٣٣
Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers,
that is more just with Allah. But if you know not their
father’s (names, call them) your brothers in
Faith and freed slaves…(Q. 33:5)
The term mawlā is one of the aḍdād (words which have
opposite meanings), so that it means “the person who frees a
slave?” as we as “a freed slave” as above.
9. God ) الإله ( , as in the following verse:
أَلََ لِلَّهِ الدِّينُ الْخَالِصُ وَالَّذِينَ اتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِهِ أَوْلِيَاء مَا نَ عْبُدُهُمْ إِلََّ لِيُ قَرِّبُونَا إِلَى
)٣ : اللَّهِ زُلْفَى ... )الزمر ٣١
Surely, the religion (i.e. worship and obedience) is for
Allah only. And those who take gods besides Him (say):
“We worship them only that they may bring us
nearer to Allah” …(Q. 39:3)
10. To be loyal and sincere to each other ) الْمُنَاصَحَة ( as in the
following verse:
يَاأَي هَُّا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا لََ تَ تَّخِذُوا الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاء مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
)٩١١ : أ تُرِيدُونَ أَنْ تَجْعَلُوا لِلَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ سُلْطَانًا مُبِينًا )النساء ١
O you believe! Take not for loyalty and sincerity
disbelievers instead of believers. Do you wish
to offer Allah a manifest proof against
yourselves? (Q. 4:144)
Learning the various meanings of a term in the Qur’ān
belongs to one of many sciences of the Qur’ān, called الوُجُوْهُ وَ النَّظَائِرُ
فِيْ القُرْآن (lit. “Meanings and Equivalents”) usually translated as
65
“Homonyms and Synonyms in the Qur’ān.” Al-Zarkashī put it in
number four of the 82 branches of the Qur’ānic sciences in his work
al-Burhān, whereas al-Suyūt.ī (d. 993 AH/3303 CE) put it in number
39 of the 80 branches in his work al-Itqān.
Another important science of the Qur’ān is nāsikh and
mansūkh (abrogating and abrogated verses of the Qur’ān), put as
number 82 of the 30 sciences of the Qur’ān. Early scholars consider it
dealing with explaining specifying general terms, restricting the
unrestricted, explaining the obscure, elaborating the general
concept, and abrogating pre-Islamic traditions and religious
prescriptions. Scholars of later generation consider it as the
specification of a legal judgment of something to a certain period,
and the specification by lifting the legal judgment of something from
particular people. Therefore it is important to know which of these
verses was revealed earlier. This led us to another science of the
Qur’ān called asbāb al-nuzūl (lit. “the causes of revelation”), namely
the occasions or incidents leading to the revelation of a particular
verse.
Without knowing this asbāb al-nuzūl one may misunderstand
the verses of the Qur’ān and quotes it out of context, citing verses
dealing with facing the enemy in the battlefield as facing people in
peaceful situation. No wonder some people consider Islam a
dangerous religions that teaches its followers to wipe out non-
Muslims from the face of the earth. Being on this earth is like being
in the battlefield, either to kill or to be killed. You do not come to the
battlefield to embrace the enemy who intend to kill you. Killing is
unavoidable, sometimes necessary to protect oneself. Here the
verses dealing with killing the enemy were revealed.
66
In Islam fighting is only the last resort, a necessary evil to
defend oneself. The Qur’ān says:
. ) أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ ي قَُاتَ لُونَ بِأَن هَُّمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ )الحج: ٣١
“To those against whom war is made, permission is given
[to fight], because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah
is most powerful for their aid.” (Q. 22:39)
Therefore, there is no “holy war” in Islam which is the Crusades’
terminology. There is no term “h.arb muqaddasah” (which literally
means “holy war”) in Islam. The term jihad literally means “striving”,
and what is called “holy war” is only a part of it. The companions of
Prophet upon their return from a battlefield said:
رَجعْنَا من الْجِهَاد الَْْصْغَر إِلَى الْجِهَاد الَْْكْبَر
“We are returning from the minor jihad to major
jihad, (i.e., controlling oneself).”
The Prophet s.a.w. said:
أفْضَل الجِهَادِ كلِمَةُ حَقِّ عِنْدَ سُلْطَانٍ جَائِر )رواه أحمد و ابن ماجة والنسائي(
The best jihad is telling the truth in front of a despotic
ruler (Reported by Aḥmad, Ibn Mājah and al-Nasā’ī)
The prescription of fighting which is called in the Qur’ān kurh
(hated, detested) but sometimes things we detest could have
blessing in disguise. Allah said:
كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِتَالُ وَهُوَ كُرْهٌ لَكُمْ وَعَسَى أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَهُوَ خَيْ رٌ لَكُمْ وَعَسَى أَنْ تُحِبُّوا شَيْئًا
) وَهُوَ شَرٌّ لَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ يَ عْلَمُ وَأَنْ تُمْ لََ تَ عْلَمُونَ ) البقرة: ٤٩٦
Jihad (holy fighting in Allah’s cause) is ordained for you
(Muslims) though you dislike it, and it may be that you dislike
a thing which is good for you and that you like a thing which
67
is bad for you. Allah knows but you do not know. (Q. 2:216)
Self-defence is the right, even obligation of every individual,
community, and nation. Even in animal kingdom every animal has a
means to defend itself. Even germs have means to defend
themselves. Our own body itself is a battlefield between our white
blood and the harmful/attacking germs. In this case it is necessary to
kill in order to survive. Although fighting and killing is permitted,
torture is prohibited. The Prophet said that if you slaughter (the
animal), do it well, do not sharpen the knife in front of it.
In conclusion, any text taken out of context could be
misleading. The Muslim scholar Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH/1328 CE)
said: “Half scholar (i.e., Muslim scholars with insufficient knowledge)
is dangerous to the religion (of Islam), like half (i.e., an unqualified)
physician, he is dangerous to the patients. The English proverb says,
“Little knowledge is dangerous.” (CIVIC, 29.03.13)
المراجع:
1. الدامغاني , الوجوه والنظائر في القرأن الكريم
1. ابن الحوزي, الوجوه والنظائر في القرأن الكريم
2. ابن الْنباري , كتاب الْضداد
1. المكتبة الشاملة
68
12. DOUBTFUL MATTERS (1)
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. said in a ḥadīth, as follows
عَنْ أَبِيْ عَبْدِ اللِ النُّ عْمَانِ بْنِ بِشِيْر رضي الل عنهما قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ
رَسُوْلَ اللِ صلى الل عليه وسلم يَ قُوْلُ: )إِنَّ الحَلالَ بَ يِّنٌ وَإِنَّ الحَرَامَ ب يِّنٌ
وَبَ يْ نَ هُمَا أُمُوْرٌ مُشْتَبِهَات لََ يَ عْلَمُهُنَّ كَثِيْ رٌ مِنَ النَّاس، فَمَنِ اتَّ قَى الشُّبُ هَاتِ
فَ قَدِ اسْتَبْرأَ لِدِيْنِهِ وعِرْضِه، وَمَنْ وَقَعَ فِي الشُّبُ هَاتِ وَقَعَ فِي الحَرَامِ كَالرَّاعِي
يَ رْعَى حَوْلَ الحِمَى يُوشِكُ أَنْ ي قَعَ فِيْهِ. أَلَ وَإِنَّ لِكُلِّ مَلِكٍ حِمَىً. أَلَ وَإِنَّ
حِمَى اللِ مَحَارِمُهُ، أَلَ وإِنَّ فِي الجَسَدِ مُضْغَةً إِذَا صَلَحَتْ صَلَحَ
الجَسَدُ كُلُّهُ وإذَا فَسَدَت فَسَدَ الجَسَدُ كُلُّهُ أَلَ وَهيَ القَلْبُ
)رواه البخاري ومسلم(
On the authority of Abu 'Abdullah al-Nu'man bin
Bashir (r.a.) who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah
(s.a.w.) say: “Truly, what is lawful is evident, and what is
unlawful is evident, and in between the two are matters which
are doubtful which many people do not know. He who guards
against doubtful things keeps his religion and honour blameless,
and he who indulges in doubtful things indulges in fact in
unlawful things, just as a shepherd who pastures his flock
round a preserve will soon pasture them in it. Beware,
every king has a preserve, and the things Allah has
declared unlawful are His preserves. Beware, in
the body there is a flesh; if it is sound, the whole
body is sound, and if it is corrupt, the whole
body is corrupt, and behold, it is the
heart.” [Bukhari & Muslim]
What we learn from this ḥadīth is that matters in Islamic law are
divided into three categories: (1) clear halal, permitted by Allah, and
known to everybody, such as drinking milk, eating dates, apples, etc.
الْيَ وْمَ أُحِلَّ لَكُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ وَطَعَامُ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِ تَابَ حِلٌّ لَكُمْ
69
) وَطَعَامُكُمْ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ )المائدة: 6
“This day [all] good foods have been made
lawful, and the food of those who were given
the Scripture is lawful for you and your food
is lawful for them.” (al-Mā’idah 5:5)
(2) clear haram, prohibited by Allah, and known to everybody, such
as stealing, drinking alcohol, etc. For example, Allah said in the
Qur’an,
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَاتُكُمْ وَبَ نَاتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ وَعَمَّاتُكُمْ
) وَخَالََتُكُمْ وَبَ نَاتُ الَْْخِ وَبَ نَاتُ الُْْخْتِ )النساء: 38
“Prohibited to you [for marriage] are your mothers, your
daughters, your sisters, your father's sisters... [Q. 4:23]”
Backbiting is clear haram. Allah said:
) وَلََ تَجَسَّسُوا وَلََ يَ غْتَبْ بَ عْضُكُمْ بَ عْضًا... )الحجرات: 13
…and spy not, neither backbite one another..(Q. 49:12)
Anything prohibited by Allah with a threat of punishment
belongs to this category. The word haram literally means prohibited,
مَمْنُوع ; the expression مَحَارِمُ الإنْسَانِ وَ حُرُمُه means “things sacred and
prohibited from other than the man himself”, namely, “close female
relatives of a man”, and the expression حُرْمَةُ االرَّجُلِ means “a person who
is prohibited to other than the man himself, the husband,” (3)
doubtful, unknown whether it is halal or haram, could be halal, could
be haram.
The cause of this doubt is either (1) in the dalīl, evidence,
doubting whether the Prophet did really say it or not, and this is called
by scholars of jurisprudence ، تَخْرِيْجُ اْلمَنَاط (bringing out suspended
thing) (2) in applying the dalīl, whether what the Prophet said is
applied to this matter or not, sometimes the doubt in the ḥukm (legal
judgment) or in the application of this ḥukm, namely, does this ḥadīth
70
apply this issue by itself or not. The scholar of Islamic jurisprudence
call it ن اط
تَْقِيْقُ اْلم (investigating the suspended thing).
The Prophet said further that many people do not know these
doubtful things. But many people also know them, as the Prophet
luckily did not say “most people do not know them” which means
only a few people know them. Many people do not know these
doubtful things, because either they do not have enough knowledge or
understanding or they are limiting themselves to what they know.
Whoever avoids the doubtful thing he keeps his religion blameless,
namely, between Allah and himself; and he keeps his honour from
blames, namely, between himself and people, so that they would not
say, that such a person did such a thing which could be haram.
Scholars have different views regarding doubtful matters:
1. They are haram, as being close to haram is itself haram.
2. They are permissible, halal, as the Prophet said: "like the
shepherd who pastures around a sanctuary” but leaving them is
better out of piety.
3. There is no ruling regarding doubtful matter; they are between
clear halal and clear haram. Many people do not know them,
but scholars know whether they are (closer to) halal or haram.
But staying away from these doubtful matters purifies our
religion and our reputation.
Muslim scholars give an example of the doubtful thing between
halal and haram as follows:
If we say that the area is 3 meters, one meter is a halal area, and
one meter is a haram area, between them one meter of a doubtful
area. This doubtful area could be close to the haram area and it could
be close to the haram area, depending where you are standing. So, do
no come close to the haram area.
71
If you shoot a deer with your arrow, saying بِاسْمِ اللّهِ , اللّه أَكْبر and
found it dead, then it is clearly halal, but if you find it still alive and
you do not want to slaughter it while you can until it dies, then it is
clearly haram. But if you find it dead the next day, and you find
another arrow of another man in it, then it becomes doubtful, whether
it died because of your arrow, or of the other man.
There is a concept in Islamic Jurisprudence called سَدُّ الذَّرَائِع
“blocking the means”, namely blocking, preventing any action that
could lead to committing prohibited things. Therefore, it would be
better to stay away from these doubtful things. If you cannot avoid it,
then only in case of necessity, as it is not clear whether it is halal or
haram. Even what is haram becomes permitted in case of necessity,
such as protecting one’s life.
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. said about these doubtful things:
الْبِرُّ مَا اطْمَأَنَّتْ إلَيْهِ النَّ فْسُ وَ الإثْمُ مَا حَاكَ فِي نَ فْسِكَ وَ كَرِهْتَ اَنْ يَطَّلِعَ الناَّسُ
Piety (righteousness) is what the soul (mind) feels confident
(calm, at rest), whereas sin is what interweaves in your
mind, and you dislike to let people know it.
It means that if you are doubtful about something, whether it is
halal or haram, good or bad, or you worry about doing it, then it
belongs to the category of doubtful things, then it would be better to
stay away from it. Your conscience will tell you whether it is OK or
not. This is the importance of having a clean heart, staying away from
committing sins which will taint it. A person who used to commit sins
would consider major sins as minor ones, such as drinking alcohol,
and lying. Lying could become a major sin, especially if you are a
witness in court, where one’s life depends on your statement.
One day Abu Bakr’s servant gave him food. When he tasted it
he felt uncomfortable. He called his servant and asked him where he
72
got this food. He told him that he got it from a fortune-teller. Abu
Bakr vomited the food.
It happened that ‘Umar ordered his servant to bring milk from
his camel. When he tasted it he did not like its taste. He called his
servant and asked him where he got the milk. The servant said he got
it from a drinking charity camel, a camel belonged to charity, because
Umar’s camels were far away from its tenders. So, he asked them to
take the milk of the camel belonging to charity. ‘Umar said to him,
“You want me to eat charity?”
Imam Abū Ḥanīfah was a business man. He sold clothes. He
took aside a cloth which had a defect, the only cloth left. He went out
for a while. When he returned he did not find the imperfect cloth. The
person who worked with him accidentally sold it with the full price,
because he did not know that it was imperfect. Imam Abu Ḥanīfah
gave the whole price of the imperfect cloth to charity.
The Prophet told us that a sound heart would make the whole
body sound, and the corrupt heart would make the whole body
corrupt. Sound heart makes good intention, good judgment, and
corrupt heart makes corrupt intention and judgment. The Prophet
urged us to strengthen and purify our heart in obeying Allah, staying
away from doubtful matters and in practicing Islam.
The Prophet says in another ḥadīth,
“A person’s īmān will not be upright until their
heart is upright and strong. The heart will not
be upright and strong until thetongue is
upright and strong.”
(CIVIC, 12.04.13)
73
13. INKAR SUNNAH (2)
Since many people have fallen into the trap of following the late
Dr. Rashad Kalifah and Dr. Ahmed Sobhi Mansour in their rejection
of the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. it would be necessary
to give some light of their teachings. Since they believe that the
Qur’ān has explained everything, then the Sunnah of the Prophet is
not required, and what we know now as the Sunnah of the Prophet is
the product and invention of people of later generation as means to
justify their personal ambition or conduct and behaviour. Rashad
Khalifa said:
“The Quran proclaims that the Quran is complete,
perfect, and fully detailed (6:19, 38, 114, 115; 50:45),
and that religious regulations not specifically instituted
in the Quran constitute a religion other than Islam (42:21,
17:46). The true believers uphold the Quran, the whole
Quran, and nothing but the Quran….” (see Quran
the Final Testament, Appendix 18)
So, according to Rashad Khalifa, we who accept the Sunnah of
the Prophet, are no longer true Muslims. Let us see what is the
position of the Prophet according to the Qur’ān itself.
The position and duty of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. according
to the Qur’ān are: (1) Expounder of the Qur’ān, (2) Legislator, (3)
Model behaviour for Muslim society, and (4) Total obedience to the
Prophet. The details are as follows:
1. Expounder of the Qur’ān. Allah the Almighty said:
( وَأَنْ زَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الذِّكْرَ لِتُبَ يِّنَ لِلنَّاسِ مَا ن زُِّلَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَلَّهُمْ يَ تَ فَكَّرُونَ ) 44
We have revealed unto thee the Remembrance
(the Qur’ān) that you may explain to mankind that
which has been revealed For them.(Q. 16:44)
74
The Qur’ān does not prescribe the details for prayer (ṣalāt). It
does not mention the number and the time of the five-daily prayers, it
does not mention the number of the units (rak‘ah) for every prayer. It
does not mention the two prostrations (sajdah) in every unit, and
sitting between the two prostrations, and what will make this prayers
and ablution void, etc. It was the Prophet who explained them and
taught them through examples.
The Qur’ān mentions ṣalāt (prayer) followed by zakat more than
20 times, and mentions the injunction to pray together with the
injunction to give zakat, namely, أَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآَتُوا الزَّكَاة (“perform prayer
and give zakat”) eight times. Without explanation from the Prophet
one might think that immediately after performing the prayer one has
to pay the zakat, because Allah mentions zakat after ṣalāt.
Allah orders the Muslims to pay the zakat for the fruit on the
day of its harvest وَآَتُوا حَقَّهُ يَ وْمَ حَصَادِه (”pay the due thereof on the day of
its harvest” Q. 6:141), without giving the amount of its zakat. It was
the Prophet who explained it that its zakat is either 5% or 10%. Allah
did even mention the remaining items for which zakat is to be paid.
Allah orders Muslims, male and female, to perform the fivedaily
prayers and fasting in the month of Ramadan, without giving
any exception. It was the Prophet who explained that women in their
period were not allowed to pray and fast in Ramadan, and to make up
their missed fast, not their missed ṣalāt.
It is incumbent upon Muslims who have no valid to attend the
Friday prayers, but it was the Prophet who explains that women and
people who have valid reasons not to attend are excused from
attending the Friday prayers.
75
Allah orders us to fast until night. He says: ثُمَّ أَتِمُّوا الصِّيَامَ إِلَى اللَّيْلِ
) البقرة : 781 ( (“… then complete your fast till layl (night). The word لَيْل
literally means “nighttime, night (as opposed to نَ هَار , daytime). It was
the Prophet who explained that we break our fast at nightfall. Br.
Axel Knoenagel from Germany told me that as he just referred to
Islam and it was Ramadan he started fasting until dark at night,
because he did not know that we break out fast at nightfall. A
follower of Inkār Sunnah delayed breaking his fast until it became
dark, most probably following literal translation of the term layl
(night) in the above verse.
Allah prohibits eating carrion, blood and pig when He said:
) حُ رِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَة وَالدَّمُ وَلَحْمُ الْخِنْزِيرِ …)المائدة: 8
(“Forbidden to you (for food) are carrion, blood,
the flesh of swine…Q. 5:3).
It was the Prophet who explained that fish is exepted, so that dead
fish is halal, and that the whole swine is haram, not only its meat.
But Rashad Khalifa, the exponent of the Inkar Sunnah, sticked to the
literal meaning of the verse, that only the meat of the pork is haram,
not its fat (see Quran the Final Testament, Appendix 16)
Allah says in the Qur’ān:
إِنَّ الصَّفَا وَالْمَرْوَةَ مِنْ شَعَائِرِ اللَّهِ فَمَنْ حَجَّ الْبَ يْتَ أَوِ اعْتَمَرَ فَلَا جُنَاحَ
( عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَطَّوَّفَ بِهِمَا وَمَنْ تَطَوَّعَ خَيْ رًا فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ شَاكِرٌ عَلِيمٌ ) 163
Verily, al-Safa and al-Marwah (two mountains of Makkah)
are the symbols of Allah. So it is not a sin on him who performs
hajj and ‘umrah (pilgrimage) of the House (the Ka’bah in
Makkah) to perform the going (tawaf) between them. And
whoever does good voluntarily, then verily, Allah is All-
Recogniser, All-Knower. (Q. 2:158)
76
Performing the sa’i between Mt. Safa and Mt. Marwa “is not a
sin” seemed to indicate the permission to do it, and not incumbent
upon the pilgrims. This verse was revealed when the Muslims as well
as idolaters were at the early period of Islam performed the sa’i
together. But the Muslims were hesitated to do so, because of the
presence of two idols, one at each of Mr. Safa and the other at Mt.
Marwa. Allah removed this hesitation by revealing the above verse.
Muslims were still weak at that time, and had to tolerate the presence
of idolatry and idols. Idols were destroyed only after the conquest of
Makkah, when the Prophet s.a.w. became the de facto ruler of Arabia.
The above verse does not indicate the injunction of performing the
sa’i by pilgrims. It was the Prophet who explained it and said that
performing the sa’i is incumbent upon the pilgrims as it is one of the
arkān (basic elements) of the hajj (pilgrimage).
Rashad Khalifa who claimed to be a prophet, “God's Messenger
of the Covenant” said that all Islamic duties have been distorted. He
said: “Like all other duties in Islam, Hajj has been distorted. Most
Muslims observe Hajj only during a few days in Zul-Hijjah, and they
consider Rajab, Zul-Qi‘dah, Zul-Hijjah, and Muharram (7th, 11th,
12th, 1st months) to be the Sacred Months. This is a distortion that is
strongly condemned.” (see Quran the Final Testament, Appendix 15)
2. Legislator
Allah SWT gives the Prophet the legislative power, when He says:
وَيُحِلُّ لَهُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَيُحَرِّم عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَبَائِثَ وَيَضَعُ عَنْ هُمْ إِصْرَهُمْ
) وَالَْْغْلَالَ الَّتِي كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ )الْعراف: 166
… and he will make lawful for them all good things and
prohibit for them only the foul, and wil l relieve them of their
burden and the fetters which they use to wear… (Q. 7:157)
Therefore, the Prophet was authorized by Allah to be a law giver to
the Muslim society. He prohibited the Muslim males from wearing
77
gold, silver and silk. He also initiated certain things, such as the call
to prayer (ādhān), which was later mentioned in the Qur’ān and
became the standardized practices of the Muslims. Allah says:
يَا أَي هَُّا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا إِذَا نُودِيَ لِلصَّلَاةِ مِنْ يَ وْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ فَاسْعَوْا إِلَى ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ
) وَذَرُوا الْبَ يْعَ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْ رٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَ عْلَمُونَ )الجمعة: 9
O you who believe.! When he c all is proclaimed for the prayer
on Friday, come to the remembrance of Allah, and leave off
business. That is better for you if you did but know! (Q. 62:9)
The Qur’ān did not explain what to say when we call people to
prayer. It was the Prophet who taught us the wording of the ādhān.
3. Model behaviour for Muslim Society.
Allah says in the Qur’ān,
لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِمَنْ كَانَ يَ رْجُو اللَّه وَالْيَ وْمَ
) الََْخِرَ وَذكََرَ اللَّهَ كَثِيرًا )الْحزاب: 31
Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah, you have a good
example to follow for him who hopes for Allah and the
Last Day, and remembers Allah much (Q. 33:21)
Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. was a model for Muslims in all
walk of lives: as a leader, a ruler, a judge, a teacher, a husband,
a parent, a business man, a general, a neighbour, and an ordinary
human being.
4. Total obedience to the Prophet
Allah says in the Qur’ān:
) يَا أَي هَُّا الَّذِينَ آَمَ نُوا أَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ... )النساء: 69 , محمد: 88
O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the
Messenger…(Q. 4:59 and 47:33)
78
) وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ رَسُولٍ إِلََّ لِيُطَاعَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ ...)النساء: 54
We sent no messenger save that he should
be obeyed by Allah’s leave (Q. 4:64)
There are many other Qur’ānic verses indicating the commands
of Allah to obey the Prophet, such as Q. 3:32, 8:20, 24:54. Allah’s
commands as well as those of the Prophet are all binding on Muslims.
The commands and prohibitions of the Prophet are not found in the
Qur’ān, but found in the Ḥadīth and the Sunnah of the Prophet. Since
the the Hadīth and the Sunnah are unacceptable for the followers of
Inkār Sunnah, the Prophet’s explanation, commands and prohibition
will be unacceptable, too. Therefore, the Qur’ānic verses enjoining
the Muslims to obey the Prophet would be useless in the eyes of the
followers of Inkar Sunnah. (CIVIC, 19.04.13)
Bibliography:
المكتبة الشاملة
M.M. Azami. Studies in Hadith Methodology. Kuala Lumpur:
Islaamic Book Trust, 1977
Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D. Quran the Final Testament. Tucson: Islamic
Productions, n.d.
http://www.alukah.net/Sharia/0/40339/#ixzz2FGgIuehJ
79
14. ABDULLAH IBN ‘ABBᾹS (1)
One of the great Muslim scholars in Islam was Abdullah ibn
‘Abbās. He was the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad w.a.s. His
father, ‘Abbās, and the Prophet’s father were brothers, sons of
Shaybah ibn Hāshim, better known as ‘Abdul-Muṭṭalib. Hāshim (ibn
Manāf) was the progenitor of the Banū Hāshim the clan of the
distinguished Quraish tribe in Mecca.
Ibn Abbās was born in 3 BH (618–619 CE). When the Prophet
passed away he was a boy of 13 years old. He used to come to the
Prophet’s house and sleep there to serve him, such as getting water for
his abolution. He was the Prophet’s cousin and the Prophet’s wife
wife Maymūnah was his maternal aunt. He lived teaching people
various knowledge of Islam, such as, the reading and interpretation of
the Qur’ān, Islamic jurisprudence, history and Arabic language
literature. Because of his outstanding knowledge he was entitled “the
learned of the ummah.” This was the fulfilment of the Prophet’s
supplication for him “O Allah, bless him with the full knowledge of
the religion and interpretation of the Holy Qur’ān.”.
One day his father Abbas sent him to the Prophet for a certain
thing, but he returned without talking to the Prophet. So, Abbas said
to him:
“I have just sent my son to you, but he found someone was with
you, so that he could not talk to you.”
“O uncle, do you know who was that person?”, asked the
Prophet.
“No,” said his uncle.
“That was Jibrīl; he met me, and your son will never die until he
lost his eye-sight and obtained knowledge,” said the Prophet.
Ibn ‘Abbās saw the angle Jibrīl (Gabriel) in the Prophet’s house
twice.. He said that he went to the Prophet’s house while the angel
Jibrīl was there. Jibrīl told the Prophet that Ibn ‘Abbās would be حِبْ رُ
80
هذِهِ الأُمَّة “(lit. “the ink”), the learned man of this ummah (nation).” Ibn
‘Abbās also said that the Prophet patted his shoulder and said: نِعْمَ
تُ رْجُمَان اْلقُرْآَن أَنْتَ “What an excellent commentator of the Qur’ān you
are!” The Prophet also prayed for him: اللهُمّ فقِّ هْهَ فِي الدِّيْنِ وَ عَلِّمْه التَّأْوِيل "O
Lord, bless him with the full knowledge of the religion of Islam and
instruct him in the meaning and interpretation (of the Qur’ān),” and,
اللَّهُمَّ عَلِّمْهُ الْحِكْمَةَ وَ تَأْوِيْلَ الْكِتَاب “O Lord, teach him wisdom and the
interpretation of the Qur’ān.”
Ibn ‘Abbās also reported that when the Prophet s.a.w. was on
the point of making ablution, he hurried to get water for him, and the
Prophet was very pleased with what he did. When he was about to
begin the prayer, he indicated that Ibn ‘Abbās should stand beside
him, but he stood behind him. After the prayer, the Prophet turned to
him, and said: “What prevented you from being at my side, O
Abdullah?” He answered: “You are too illustrious and too great in my
eyes to stand side by side with you.” Then the Prophet raised his
hands to the heaven, and prayed: “O Lord, grant him wisdom.”
Ibn ‘Abbās devoted his life not only in pursuing knowledge, but
also to teach people of what he had learned. He taught them various
subjects in his house. One of his companions describes what he saw in
front of his house.
“I saw people converging on the roads
Leading to his house until there was hardly
any room in front of his house. I went in and
told him about the crowds of people at his door
and he said: 'Get me water for wuḍū. He performed
wuḍū and, seating himself, said: 'Go out and say to
them: Whoever wants to ask about the Quran and its letters
(pronunciation)let him enter.' This I did and people entered
until the house was filled. Whatever he was asked, Abdullah
81
was able to elucidate and even provide additional
information to what was asked. Then (to his students)
he said: 'Make way for your brothers.' Then to me
he said: 'Go out and say: Who wants to ask about
the Quran and its interpretation, let him enter'.
Again the house was filled and Abdullah
elucidated and provided more information
than what was requested.”
Then he held classes on one single subject each day, such as
tafsīr (interpretation of the Qur’ān), fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence),
ḥalāl and ḥarām, ghazawāt (the Prophet’s military campaigns),
poetry, Arab history before Islam, farā’iḍ (laws of inheritance),
Arabic language and etymology.
‘Umar often sought the advice Ibn Abbas on important matters
of state and described him as a "young man of maturity". Ibn ‘Abbās
said: “Umar used to make me sit with the elderly men who had fought
in the battle of Badr. ‘Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn ‘Awf felt it (did not like
that) and said to ‘Umar: ‘Why do you bring in this boy to sit with us,
while we have sons like him?’ ‘Umar replied ‘Because of what you
know of his position’ (i.e., his religious knowledge).
“One day Umar called me and made me sit in the gathering of
those people, and I think that he called me just to show them (my
religious knowledge). ‘Umar then asked them in my presence: ‘What
do you say about the interpretation of the statement of Allah’.
إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ . وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْ وَاجًا .
)8- فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْ دِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَ غْفِرْهُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَ وَّابًا )النصر: 1
When there comes the help of Allah
(to you, O Muhammad against your enemies)
and the conquest (of Makkah), And you see the
people enter Allah’s religion (Islam) in crowds.
82
So glorify the Praises of your Lord, and ask His
Forgiveness. Verily, He is the One Who Ever
accepts the Repentance and Who
forgives. (Q. 110:1-3)
“Some of them said: ‘We are ordered to praise Allah and ask
for His forgiveness, when Allah’s help and the conquest come to us’.
Some others kept quiet and did not say anything. On that ‘Umar asked
me: ‘Do you say the same, O Ibn ‘Abbās?’ I replied: ‘No’. He said:
‘What do you say then?’ I replied: ‘That is the sign of the death of
Prophet Muhammad, which God informed him of. God said: “(O
Muhammad) when comes the help of God (to you against your
enemies) and the conquest (which is the sign of your death) – you
should celebrate the praises of your Lord and ask for His forgiveness,
and He is the One who accepts the repentance and forgives’. On that
‘Umar said: ‘I do not know anything about it other than what you
have said’”.
What Ibn ‘Abbās understood was the deep meaning of this
surah, as it was an indication of the completion of the Prophet’s
mission in this world, namely, to propagate Islam to people, and after
the accomplishment of his mission he should go and meet His Lord.
The ṣaḥābah Sa‘ad ibn Abī Waqqās said about Ibn ‘Abbās: “I
have never seen someone who was quicker in understanding, who had
more knowledge and greater wisdom than Ibn Abbas.”
Masrūq ibn al-Ajda‘ said of him, "Whenever I saw Ibn ‘Abbās,
I would say: He is the most handsome of men. When he spoke, I
would say: He is the most eloquent of men. And when he held a
conversation, I would say: He is the most knowledgeable of men."
‘Aṭā’ ibn Abī Rabāh (d. 114/732), one of the great students of
Ibn ‘Abbās, the mufti and the scholar of ḥadīth of Makkah, said about
him that scholars of the Qur’ān, of Islamic jurisprudence, and of
poetry all attended his majlis (social gathering).
83
In a hadith on the authority of ‘Umar r.a. the Prophet s.a.w.
said:
إِنَّ أَرْأَفَ أُمَّتِيْ بِهَا أَبُو بَكْر . وَإِنَّ أّصْلَبَ هَا فِي أَمْرِ اللِ لَعُمَر. وَإِنَّ أّشَدَّهَا حَيَاءًاً لَعُ ثْمَان.
وَإِنَّ أَقْ رَئَ هَا لَُْبَيّ . وَ إِنَّ أَفْ رَضَهَا لَزَيْد . وَإِنَّ أَقْضَاهَا لَعَلِيَ . وَإِنَّ أَعْلَمَهَا بِاْلحَلالِ
وَاْلحَرَامِ لَمُعَاذ. وَإِنَّ أَصْدَقَ هَا لَهْجَةً لََْبُو ذَرّ .وَإِنَّ أَمْيَنَ هَذِهِ اْلُْمَّةِ لََْبُو عُبَ يْدَة
عَامِرُ بْنُ اْلجَرَّاح . وَإِنَّ حِبْ رَ هَذِهِ اْلُْمَّةِ لَعَبْدُ اللِ بْنُ اْلعَبَّاس
Verily, the most kind (gracious) of my ummah (community,
nation) to my ummah is Abū Bakr, and verily, the firmest
among them is ‘Umar, and the most modest among them is
‘Uthmān, and the most knowledgeable of the recitation of the
Qur’ān among them is Ubayy, and the most knowledgeable
of the law of inheritance is Zayd (ibn Thābit), and the most
knowledgeable of Judicial decision is ‘Ali, and the most
knowledgeable of halal and haram is Mu‘ādh, and the
rightest manner of speaking is Abū Dharr, and the
most truthworthy of this ummah is Abū ‘Ubaydah
‘Ᾱmir ibn al-Jarrāḥ, and the Ḥibrul Ummah
–(lit. “Ink of the Nation” because of deep
Knowledge) is Abdullah ibn ‘Abbās.
Besides memorizing the Qur’ān, Ibn ‘Abbās was said to have
memorized about 1660 sayings of the Prophet recorded and
authenticated in the collections of Imam Bukhari and Mulims.
Among Ibn ‘Abbās’s famous sayings are:
- If scholars take (treat) knowledge properly, as it should be, Allah
would love them, as well as the angels, and pious people among His
servants, and people would respect them due to their merit and the
elevated place of knowledge.
- Good deed will not be complete, unless it is accompanied with three
things: do it quickly, consider it a small thing, trivial, and keep it
84
secret. If you do it quickly you set it up; if you consider it trivial, you
make it great; if you keep it secret, you treat it with respect.
- Beware of talking of what concern you if it is not in its proper place,
and do not argue with a foolish man, nor a mild-tempered man, as (if
you do so) the foolish man would hurt you, and the mild-tempered
man would detest you.
- O people who commit sin! Do you know what the sin of Prophet
Ayyūb (Job, a.s.) was, that Allah tested him with his self (sickness)
and his wealth? It was because a poor man asked him to help him, but
he did not do it.
At the later period of his life, Ibn ‘Abbās became blind of old
age, probably from what we call cataract. Mu‘āwiyah who had not
been in good term with him, said to him: أَنْ تُمْ يَا بَنِي الْعَبَّاس , لَقَدْ فَ قَدْتُمْ أَبْصَارَكُمْ
(“O you, the descendants of al-’Abbās, you have lost your eye-sight”).
Ibn ‘Abbās replied: وَأَنْ تُمْ يَا بَنِي أًمَيَّة , لَقَدْ فَ قَدْتُمْ بَصَائِرَكُمْ (“And you, O the
descendants of Umayyah, you have lost your insight”. The term بَصَائِر
is the plural of بَصِيْ رَة meaning: insight, discernment, (power of) mental
perception. What Ibn ‘Abbās means is that although he lost his eyesight
for getting old, Mu‘āwiyah and his clan Banī Umayyah are
worse, for he and his clan have lost their mind by rebelling against
Ali, the appointed legal caliph. (CIVIC, 26.04.13)
85
15. THE MEANINGS OF JIHᾹD AND ITS DERIVATIVES
The term jihād is derived from the verb jahada, yajhadu
meaning: to endeavour, strive, take pains, to over-work, exhaust (one
self). The verb jāhada, yujāhidu means: to endeavour, to strive. Its
verbal noun is jihād, if for the path of Allah, in defending Islam, then
it means arm struggles, fighting for Islam.
According to mufassirīn (commentators of the Qur’ān), the
term jihād and its derivatives in the Qur’an have three kinds and
meanings, as follows:
الجِهَادُ بِاْلقَوْل . 1 (jihād through saying, statement), such as:
) فَلَا تُطِعِ الْكَاف رِينَ وَجَاهِدْهُمْ بِهِ جِهَادًا كَبِيرًا ) الفرقان: 63
So obey not the disbelievers, but strive against them
(by preaching) with the utmost endeavour with it
(the Qur’an) (Q. 25:52)
يَا أَي هَُّا النَّبِيُّ جَاهِدِ الْكُفَّارَ وَالْمُنَافِقِينَ وَاغْلُظْ عَلَيْهِمْ وَمَأْوَاهُمْ جَهَنَّمُ
) وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ )التوبة: 68
O Prophet (Muhammad)! Strive hard against the disbelievers
and the hypocrites, and be harsh against them, their abode
is Hell,--and worst indeed is that destination. (Q. 9:73)
الجِهَادُ بِاْلعَمَل . 3 (jihād through doing good deeds), such as:
) وَمَنْ جَاهَدَ فَإِنَّمَا يُجَاهِدُ لِنَ فْسِهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَغَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ )العنكبوت : 5
and whosoever strives, he strives only for himself.
Verily, Allah stands not in need of any of the alamin
(mankind, jinn, and all that exists) (Q. 29:6)
) وَالَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِينَا لَنَ هْدِيَ نَّ هُمْ سُبُ لَنَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ ) العنكبوت: 59
And for those who strive hard in Us (Our Cause), We
will surely guide them to Our Paths (i.e., Allah’s
religion—Islamic Monotheism). And verily,
86
Allah is with the good doers (Q. 29:69)
الجِهَادُ بِاْلسًلاح . 3 (jihād through fighting with arms), such as:
لََ يَسْتَوِي الْقَاعِدُونَ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ غَيْ رُ أُولِي الضَّرَرِ وَالْمُجَاهِ دُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ بِأَمْوَالِهِمْ
وَأَنْ فُسِهِمْ فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ بِأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَأَنْ فُسِهِمْ عَلَى الْقَاعِدِينَ دَرَجَةً وَكُلًّا وَعَدَ اللَّه ) الْحُسْنَى وَفَضَّلَ اللَّهُ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ عَلَى الْقَاعِدِينَ أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا )النساء: 96
Not equal are those of the believers who sit (at home),
except those who are disabled (by injury or are blind or
lame), and those who strive hard and fight in the Cause of
Allah with their wealth and their lives. Allah has preferred
in grades those who strive hard and fight with their wealth
and their lives to those who sit (at home). To each, Allah
has promised good (Paradise), but Allah has preferred
those who wrive hard and fight, to those who sit
(at home) by a huge reward. (Q. 4:95)
يَا أَي هَُّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا هَلْ أَدُلُّكُمْ عَلَى تِجَارَةٍ تُ نْجِيكُمْ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ . تُ ؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ
وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُجَاهِدُونَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنْ فُسِكُمْ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْ رٌ لَكُمْ
)11- إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَ عْلَمُونَ )الصف: 15
O you who believe! Shall I guide you to a trade that will
save you from a painful torment? That you believe in Allah
and His Messenger (Muhammad), and that you strive hard
and fight in the Cause of Allah with your wealth and
your lives: that will be better for you,
if you but know! (Q. 61:10-11)
The early scholar al-Rāghib al-Asfahānī (d.ca. 524/ ), divided
jihād into three categories: strive against physical enemies, strive
against Satan, and strive against the soul (i.e. controlling oneself). He
said that these three categories are included in the following verses:
وَجَاهِدُوا فِي اللَّهِ حَقَّ جِهَادِهِ هُوَ اجْتَبَاكُمْ وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ
87
) مِنْ حَرَجٍ مِلَّةَ أَبِيكُمْ إِبْ رَاهِيمَ ...)الحج: 63
And strive hard in Allah’s Cause as you ought to strive
(with sincerity and with all our efforts that His Name
should be superior). He has chosen you (to convey His
Message of Islamic Monotheism to mankind by inviting
them to His religion of Islam), and has not laid upon
you in religion any hardship; it is the religion of
your father Ibrahim (Abraham) (Islamic
Monotheism)… (Q. 22:78)
انْفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًَ وَجَاهِدُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنْ فُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ذَلِكُمْ
) خَيْ رٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَ عْلَمُونَ )التوبة: 41
March forth, whether you are light (being healthy, young,
and wealthy) or heavy (being ill, old and poor), and strive
hard with your wealth and your lives in the Cause of Allah.
This is better for you, if you but knew. (Q. 9:41)
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا وَهَاجَرُوا وجَاهَدُوا بِأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَأَنْ فُسِهِمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالَّذِينَ
) آَوَوْا وَنَصَرُوا أُولَئِكَ بَ عْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ بَ عْضٍ ... )الْنفال: 63
Verily, those who believed, and emigrated and strove
hard and fought with their property and their lives in the Cause
of Allah as well as those who gave (them) asylum and help,
--these are (all) allies to one another…(Q. 8:72)
Al-Rāghib al-Asfahānī also cited the sayings of the Prophet
s.a.w. as follows:
جَاهِدُوا اْلكُفَّارَ بِأَيْدِيْكُمْ وَ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ )رواه ابن حبان(
Strive against disbelievers with your hands and with
your tongues (Reported by Ibn Hibban)
Muslim scholars divide jihād into four levels: (1) incumbent on
every Muslim, namely, struggling against the soul, and struggling
88
against Satan’s temptation; (2). incumbent on members of the Muslim
community who have power to do so, such as fighting against
hypocrites, disbelievers, tyrants, heretics, liars, and evilfolk. The early
Muslim scholar Ibn al-Qayyim divided jihād into four levels: jihād
gainst the soul, against Satan, against disbelievers, and against
hypocrites.
The jihād against the soul has also four levels: (1) jihād in
learning the truth and guidance. The great earlier scholar al-Hasan al-
Basri, said:
مَا مِنْ شَيْءٍ مِمَّا خلَقَ الل أَعْظَمُ عِنْدَ اللِ فِي عَظِيْمِ الثَّ وَابِ مِنْ طَلَبِ عِلْمٍ،
لََ حَجّ، وَلََ عُمْرَة، وَلََ جِهَاد، وَلََ صَدَقَة، وَلََ عِتْق، وَلَوْ كَانَ اْلعِلْمُ صُوْرَةً
لَكَانَتْ صُوْرَتُهُ أَحْسَنَ مِنْ صُورَةِ الشَّمْسِ وَالْقَمَرِوَالنُّجُوْمِ وَالسَّ مَاء وَاْلعَرْشِ
Nothing among the creations of Allah is greater for Allah
in its great reward more than seeking knowledge, neither
a hajj, an ‘umrah, jihād, giving charity, nor freeing
a slave; if knowledge had a picture it would be better
than the picture of the sun, the moon, the stars,
the sky and the Throne (of Allah)
Al-Imam al-Shafi’i said:
لَيْسَ بَ عْدَ اْلفَرَائِضِ شَيْءٌ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ طَلَبِ اْلعِلْمِ، قِيْلَ لَهُ:
وَلََ اْلجِهَادُ فِي سَبِيْلِ الل؟ قَالَ: وَلََ اْلجِهَادُ فِي سَبِ يلِ الل
“After religious injunctions there is nothing better than
seeking knowledge.” He was asked: “Not even the jihād
in the Cause of Allah?” He said: “Not even the
jihād in the Cause of Allah.”
(2) jihād by practising what has been learned, as without which there
would be no benfit from learning it; (3) jihād by teaching and
propagating what has been learned and practised, as hiding the
guidance that has been learned and practised without disseminating
and teaching people would be useless and would not protect one from
89
Hellfire; (4) jihād by being patience facing any hardship in
propagating and teaching the path to Allah.
The jihād against the disbelievers and hypocrites: It has also
four levels: (1) jihād by the heart, meaning that we disagree for what
they do and believe; (2) jihād by the tongue, meaning that we speak
the truth and spread the word of Islam with our tongue; (3) jihād by
the wealth, meaning that we spend our wealth for the defence of
Islam, and (4) jihād by the hand, meaning that we defend Islam with
fighting if necessary.
The jihād against tyrants, innovators, and wrong-doers has also
three levels: (1) jihād by the hands, namely, by using force if
possible; otherwise, (2) jihād by the tongue, expressing the tyranny,
innovations and wrong-doings of the tyrants, innovators, and wrongdoers.
This can be done in many ways: speaking in seminars, public
lectures, peaceful demonstrations, writing in newspapers, magazines,
etc. The Prophet s.a.w. said:
أَلََ إِنَّ أَفْضَلَ الْجِهَادِ كَ لِمَةُ عَدْلٍ عِنْدَ سُلْطَانٍ جَائِر )رواه ابن ماجة(
Verily, the best Jihād is the word of Justice in front of the
oppressive Sultan [ruler]. (Reported by Ibn Mājah)
If his is also not possible, then (3) jihād by the heart, disproving
these wrong-doings, and asking Allah’s guidance and protection.
The contemporary scholar Dr. Muhammad al-Nābulsī divided
jihād into four categories:
جِ هَ ادُ الن فْ سِ وال هَ وى وَ هُ وَ اْلجِ هَ ادُ اْلْ سَ اسِ يّ . 1 (Jihād against the soul and
passion, and this is the basic jihād). It is because a person
who cannot control himself and his soul will become a
defeated person, and such a person cannot even face an ant.
ال جِ هَ ادُ الدَّ عَ وِيَ . 2 (Jihād by means of da’wah, propagation). This
kind of jihād is calling people to Allah’s Cause, teaching the
90
Qur’an, explaining the Sunnah of the Prophet, and explaining
the laws dealing with fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
3. الْجِهَادُ اْلب نَّا ئِيّ . 2 (Jihād in the field of building and development).
In this kind of jihād, as a Muslim you are required to
participate in building and developing the community and the
country, to “leave an imprint in life, and if you do not, then
you become an extra person (only) in this life (for
contributing nothing to the community), namely, you have to
become an excellent physician, an excellent engineer, an
outstanding university professor, a remarkable writer, a
superior manufacturer, we need them, we need selected
people to participate in building the ummah (Muslim
community)”
4. الْجِهَادُ اْلقِ تَا لِيّ . 2 (Jihād by arm fighting in the way of Allah). If
we succeed in the three kinds of jihād mentioned above, jihād
against the soul, jihād in the field of da’wah, jihād in
building and developing the Muslim ummah, then it is
expected that we shall succeed in the jihād by fighting the
enemies. (CIVIC,19.04.13)
المراجع:
1 الدامغاني, الوجوه والنظائر في القرأن الكريم .
2 ابن الحوزي, الوجوه والنظائر في القرأن الكريم .
3 المكتبة الشاملة .
4. الراغب الْصفهاني , المفردات
Wikipedia. 5
91
16. ṢADAQAH IN ISLAM
Definition of Ṣadaqah
Ṣadaqah (pl. ṣadaqāt) literally means: “alms, charitable gift;
almsgiving, charity”. In Islamic law it is divided into two categories:
(1) legally prescribed alms tax, also called zakāt, either for one’s
wealth, called zakāt al-mal ( wealth tax ) paid annually, or for oneself,
called zakāt al-fiṭr (self-tax), paid at the end of the month of
Ramadan; for convenience both are paid at the same time. (2)
voluntary contribution of alms, freewill offering. It also includes in
this category, voluntary good deeds. Every good deed, including
giving charity, either voluntary or obligatory, Allah promises reward
for it.
Voluntary ṣadaqah includes saying good things, such as the
dhikr (remembering Allah) by repeating the tasbīh (glorification of
Allah), namely, Subḥān Allah (“Glory to Allah”), the taḥmīd (praising
Allah) namely, Alḥamdu Lillāh (“praise be to Allah”), the takbīr,
namely, Allāhu Akbar (“Allah is Great”), the istighfār (asking
Allah’s forgiveness), namely, Astaghfirullāh (“I ask Allah’s
foregiveness), and greeting someone we meet with Assalāmu
‘Alaykum (“Peace be upon you”). It includes the taḥlīl, namely,
saying lā ilāha illallāh (“there is no god but Allah”). It includes alamr
bil-ma’rūf (urging people to do good deeds) and naḥy ‘an almunkar
(prohibiting from doing bad deeds).
Voluntary ṣadaqah dealing with doing good things includes
smiling at a Muslim brother or sister we meet, removing harmful
things from the street, helping the needy, leading a lost person to the
right way, and lending money, etc. It includes controlling oneself
from doing bad things when there is chance to do so. It includes the
plants and fruit eaten by birds, and animals, even stolen by people. It
includes entertaining a guest over three days. It includes the expense,
92
the cost of living, maintenance given to one’s family, as well as
spiritual and physical needs between husband and wife.
Contribution and donation also belong to ṣadaqah, such as in
teaching the Qur’an, in propagating Islam, teaching people about
Islam through distributing books, pamphlets to Muslims and non-
Muslims, in writing about Islam in magazines, newspapers, and
internet, in building schools, mosques, and Islamic centres.
Virtues and Benefits of Ṣadaqah
1. It extinguishes Allah’s anger. The Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. said:
إنَّ صَدَقَةُ السِّرِّ تُطْفِئُ غَضَبَ الرَّبِّ تَ بَارَكَ وَتَ عَالَى )رواه الطبراني(
Verily, charity given in secrecy
extinguishes Allah’s anger.
2. It erases the mistake, like water extinguishes fire.
وَالصَّدَقَةُ تُطْفِئُ ا لْخَطِيئَةَ كَمَا يُطْفِئُ الْمَاءُ النَّارَ....
)رواه أحمد و البييهقي و النسا ئي و الطبراني(
Charity erases the mistake, like water extringuishes fire.
(Reported by Ahmad, al-Bayhaqī, al-Nasā’ī, and al-Ṭabrānī)
3. It is protection from Hellfire. The Prophet said
اتَّ قُوا النَّارَ وَلَوْ بِشِقِّ تَمْرَةٍ، فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَبِكَلِمَةٍ طَيِّبَةٍ )رواه البخاري و مسلم(
Fear Hellfire, even with a piece of date (as charity),
but he who does not have, then with a nice word
(Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
4. It will become a protecting umbrella in the Hereafter. In a long
tradition, the Prophet said that there are seven kinds of people who
would be protected by Allah with shade in the Hereafter, among
whom are people who give charity secretly. He said …
وَرَجُلٌ تَصَ دَّقَ بِصَدَقَةٍ فَأَخْفَاهَا حَتَّى لََ تَ عْلَمَ شِمَالُهُ مَا تُ نْفِقُ يَمِينُه )رواه البخاري و مسلم و غيرهما(
93
… and a man gives charity secretly, so that his left hand
does not know what his right hand is spending
(Reported by Bukhari, Muslim and others)
5. It is a treatment for physical ailment:
The Prophet said:
...وَدَاوُوا مَرْضَاكُمْ بِالصَّدَقَة ... )رواه الطبراني وأبو داؤد(
… and treat your sick people with giving charity…
(Reported by al-Ṭabrānī, and Abü Dā’ūd)
A man complained to the great scholar Ibn al-Mubarak that ulcer
had came out from his knee since seven years ago. He had been
treated with many kinds of medicine, but failed. Ibn al-Mubarak
suggested to him to dig a well in an area where water was needed,
and hoped that its water would treat his illness. The man did, and
he was cured.
6. Treatment for mental ailment (the sickness of the heart)
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْ رَة أَنَّ رَجُلًا شَكَا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَسْوَةَ
قَ لْبِهِ فَ قَالَ لَهُ إِنْ أَرَدْتَ تَ لْ يِينَ قَ لْبِكَ فَأَطْعِمْ الْمِسْكِينَ وَامْسَحْ رَأْسَ الْيَتِيمِ
)رواه أحمد و الطبراني و النسائي و البيهقي(
Abu Hurayrah narrated that a man complained to the
Messenger of Allah s.a.w. about the cruelty of his heart. He
said to him: “If you want to soften your heart, then feed
the poor and rub the head of the orphans [meaning,
have mercy on them and help them.”
(Reporte by Ahmad, al-Ṭabrānī, al-Nasā’ī and al-Bayhaqī)
7. It is a kind of ransom from disaster.Prophet Yahya a.s. (John the
Baptist) advised his followers among the Children of Israel to give
charity, as it is like a ransom for one who is on the point of being
executed.
8. It is a means to obtain the true nature of birr (righteousness). Allah
says:
94
) لَن تَ نَالُواْ الْبِرَّ حَتَّى تُنفِقُو اْ مِمَّا تُحِبُّونَ )آل عمران: 93
By no means shalol you attain al-birr (piety,
righteousness—here means Allah’s reward, i.e.
Paradise), unless you spend (in Allah’s Cause)
of that which you love…(Q. 3:92)
9. An angel will pray for people who give charity with prosperity.
The Prophet s.a.w. said:
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْ رَة أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ إِنَّ مَلَكًا بِبَابٍ مِنْ أَبْ وَابِ
السَّمَاءِ يَ قُولُ مَنْ ي قُْرِضْ الْيَ وْمَ يُجْزَى غَدًا وَمَلَكًا بِبَابٍ آخَرَ يَ قُولُ اللَّهُ مَّ أَعْطِ مُنْفِقًا
خَلَفًا وَعَجِّلْ لِمُمْسِكٍ تَ لَفًا )روام البيهقي والحاكم و النسائي(
Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Messenger of Allah
s.a.w. said:“Verily, an angel at one of the doors of
Heaven says: ‘Whoever gives a (good) loan (as charity)
today will be rewarded tomorrow,’ and another angel
says: ‘O Allah, give the alms-giver substitute, and give
loss immediately to withholder (from giving charity).’”
(Reported by al-Bayhaqī, al-Ḥākim and al-Nasā’ī)
10. There is blessing in giving charity. The Prophet Muhammad
s.a.w. said
مَا نَ قَصَتْ صَدَقَةٌ مِنْ مَالٍ ... )رواه مسلم و أحمد(
Wealth will not be reduced by charity
(Reported by Ahmad)
11. What remains from charity is that which has been spent in
charity. Allah says:
) وَمَا تُنفِقُواْ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَلِنفُسِكُم )البقرة: 363
….And whatever you spend of good, it is for
yourselves… (Q. 272).
وَلَمَّا سَأَلَ النَّبِيُّ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللُ عَنْ هَا عَنِ الشَّاةِ الَّتِي ذَبَحُوْهَا مَا بَقِىَ مِنْ هَا:
قَالَتْ: مَا بَقِىَ مِنْ هَا إِلََّ كَتِفُهَا. قَالَ: بَقِيَ كُلُّهَا غَيْ رَ كَتِفِهَا )رواه مسلم(
95
When the Prophet asked ‘A’ishah r.a. about the remains of
the slaughtered sheep, she said that what remained was
its shoulder, but he told her that all remained except its
shoulder. (Reported by Muslim)
12. The reward of giving charity will be multiplied. Allah says:
إِنَّ الْمُصَّدِّقِينَ وَالْمُصَّدِّقَاتِ وَأَقْ رَضُوا اللَّهَ قَ رْضاً حَسَناً يُضَاعَفُ لَهُمْ
) وَلَهُمْ أَجْرٌ كَرِيم )الحديد : 13
Verily, those who give sadaqat (i.e. zakat and alms), men
and women, and lend Allah a good loan, it shall be
increased manifold (to their credit), and theirs shall be
an honourable good reward (i.e., Paradise) (Q. 57:180)
مّنْ ذَا الَّذِي ي قُْرِضُ اللّهَ قَ رْضاً حَسَناً فَ يُضَاعِفَهُ لَهُ أَضْعَافاً كَثِيرَةً وَالل ه ) يَ قْبِضُ وَيَ بْسُطُ وَإِلَيْهِ تُ رْجَعُونَ )البقرة: 346
Who is he that will lend Allah goodly loan so that He may multiply
it to him many time? And it is Allah that decreases or increases
(your provisions), and to Him you shall return (Q. 2:245)
13. There is a special door of Paradise from which the people who
spent charity will be called. The Prophet said:
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْ رَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ مَنْ أَنْ فَقَ زَوْجَيْنِ فِي
سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ نُودِيَ فِي الْجَ نَّةِ يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ هَذَا خَيْ رٌ فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الصَّلَاةِ دُعِيَ
مِنْ بَابِ الصَّلَاةِ وَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْجِهَادِ دُعِيَ مِنْ بَابِ الْجِهَادِ وَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْ
أَهْلِ الصَّدَقَةِ دُعِيَ مِنْ بَابِ الصَّدَقَةِ وَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الصِّيَامِ دُعِيَ مِنْ بَابِ
الرَّيَّانِ فَ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا عَلَى مَنْ يُدْعَى مِنْ هَذِهِ
الَْْبْ وَابِ مِنْ ضَرُورَةٍ فَ هَلْ يُدْعَى أَحَدٌ مِنْ هَذِهِ الَْْبْ وَابِ كُلِّهَا قَالَ نَ عَمْ
وَأَرْجُو أَنْ تَكُ ونَ مِنْ هُمْ )رواه البخاري و مسلم(
Abu Hurayrah narrated that the
Messenger of Allah s.a.w. said:“Whoever
spends a pair of (of livestock) in the path of
96
Allah he would be called in Paradise, ‘O, Abd Allah
this is good.’ Whoever belonged to the people of prayer
, he would be called from the door of the prayer; whoever
belonged to the people of jihad, he would be called from
the door of the jihad; whoever belonged to people of almsgiving,
he would be called from the door of the Alms-giving;
and whoever belonged to the people of fasting, he would be
called from the door of Rayyan (the well-watered).” Then
Abu Bakr, asked: “O Messenger of Allah, is it necessary
that one would be called from these doors? Would
someone be callef from all these doors?” He said:
“Yes, and I hope you would be one of them.”
(Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
14. It purifies wealth, clear it from dirt because of foolish talk, oath,
lying, and carelessness.
عَنْ قَ يْسِ بْنِ أَبِي غَرَزَةَ قَالَ كنَّا نَ بْتَاعُ الَْْوْسَاقَ بِالْمَدِ ينَةِ وَكُنَّا نُسَمِّي أَنْ فُسَنَا
السَّمَاسِرَةَ فَأَتَانَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَسَمَّانَا بِاسْمٍ أَحْسَنَ مِمَّا كُنَّا نُسَمِّ ي أَنْ فُسَنَا بِهِ فَ قَالَ
يَا مَعْشَرَ التُّجَّارِ إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَ يْعَ يَحْضُرُهُ اللَّغ وُ وَالْحَلِفُ فَشُوبُوه بِالصَّدَقَةِ )رواه أحمد والنسائي وابن ماجة، و البيهقي (
In a hadith on the authority of Qays ibn Abi ‘Arazah he said : We
were doing business in Madinah and we used to call ourselves
brokers. When the Messenger of Allah was passing by he gave
us a better name, and said: “Oh you tradesmen, this business is
accompanied with foolish talk and oath; so mix it with charity.”
(Reported by Ahmad, al-Nasa’ī, Ibn Majah and al-Bayhaqi)
Conditions for the Acceptance of Charity
It has to be good, clean. It has to be given with sincerity and
good intention, seeking solely the pleasure of Allah. It should not be
accompanied with lie, and offence.
97
Best Types of Charity
1. It is spent in secrecy unless it cannot be avoided, such as building
schools, mosques, etc. But helping the poor is preferably in
secrecy, to avoid humilialing and embarrassing them for being
poverty, and to avoid showing off by the giver. Allah said:
) إِن تُ بْدُواْ الصَّدَقَاتِ فَنِعِمَّا هِىَ وَإِن تُخْفُوهَا وَتؤْتُوهَا الفُ قَرَاءِ فَ هُوَ خَيرٌ لَّكُمْ (البقرة: 361
If you disclose your alms-giving, it is well;
but if you conceal them and give them to the
poor, that is better for you (Q. 2:271).
2. It is spent when one is in good health rather than spending it when
one is sick or is dying, or through will. The Prophet said:
أَبُو هُرَيْ رَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، قَالَ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَ قَالَ:
أَنْ تَصَدَّقَ وَأَنْتَ صَحِيحٌ شَحِيحٌ « : يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، أَيُّ الصَّدَقَةِ أَعْظَمُ أَجْرًا؟ قَالَ
تَخْشَى الفَقْرَ، وَتَأْمُلُ الغِنَى، وَلََ تُمْهِلُ حَتَّى إِذَا بَ لَغَتِ الحُلْقُومَ، قُ لْتَ لِفُلاَنٍ كَذَا،
وَلِفُلاَنٍ كَذَا وَقَدْ كَانَ لِفُلاَنٍ )رواه البخاري و مسلم(
Abu Hurayrah r.a. narrated that a man came to the
Prophet s.a.w. and said: “O Messenger of Allah, which
charity has the greatest reward?” He said: “You give
charity while you are healthy, in scarcity, fearing
poverty, and expecting richness; so do not delay
until you are dying, then you say that
this and this is for so-and-so, …
(Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
What the Prophet means is that the best charity is you give what
you need yourself, not when you do not need it any more, not
when you are dying you start giving charity. Similar to this is the
classical Arabic proverb, saying أَتَاكَ رَيَّانَ بِلَبَنِه (“He came to you with
his milk while he himself is sated with drink”)
3. It is spent after fulfilling the spending obligation. Allah said:
] وَيَسْئَ لُونَكَ مَاذَا يُنفِقُونَ قُلِ العَفْوَ ]البقرة: 319
98
… And they ask you what they ought to spend. Say: “That which
is beyond your needs.”… (Q. 2:219)
4. It is preferable to spend charity to one’s family. The Prophet s.a.w.
said:
إِذَا أَنْ فَقَ المُسْلِمُ نَ فَقَةً عَلَى أَهْلِهِ، وَهُوَ يَحْتَسِبُ هَا، كَانَتْ لَهُ صَدَقَة (رواه البخاري و مسلم)
If a man gives maintenance to his family,
expecting Allah’s pleasure, it becomes
charity for him
(Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
The Prophet also said:
أَرْبَ عَةُ دَنَانِيرَ : دِينَارًا أَعْطَيْتَهُ مِسْكِينًا وَدِينَارًا أَعْ طَيْتَهُ فِي رَقَ بَةٍ وَدِينَارًا أَنْ فَقْتَهُ فِي
سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَدِينَارًا أَنْ فَقْتَهُ عَلَى أَهْلِكَ أَفْضَلُهَا الَّذِي أَنْ فَقْتَهُ علَىَ أَهْلِك )رواه مسلم(.
There are four dinars: one dinar you give it to a poor,
one dinar you spend it to free slaves, one dinar you
spend in the path of Allah, and one dinar on your
family, the best among them is the dinar you
spent for your family (Reported by Muslim)
The Prophet s.a.w. also said:
الصَّدَقَةُ عَلَى الْمِسْكِينِ صَدَقَةٌ، وَهِيَ عَلَى ذِي الرَّحِمِ ثِنْتَانِ: صَدَقَةٌ وَصِلَةٌ
)رواه أحمد والنسائي والترمذي وابن ماجة(
Charity to the poor is charity, but to poor relatives it is
both charity and kinship (Reported by Ahmad,
al-Nasa’i, al-Tirmidhi, and Ibn Majah)
Among relatives priority should be goven to (1) the orphans
among them, and (2) whom secret enmity from them is
suspected. Allah said:
فَلَا اقْ تَحَمَ الْعَقَبَةَ . وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْعَقَبَةُ . فَكُّ رَقَ بَةٍ . أَوْ إِطْعَامٌ فِي يَ وْمٍ ذِي مَسْغَبَةٍ .
)15- يَتِيمًا ذَا مَقْرَبَةٍ . أَوْ مِسْكِينًا ذَا مَتْ رَبَةٍ )البلد: 11
But he hasw not attempted to pass on the path that
99
is steep (i.e., the path which will lead to goodness and
success). And what will make you know the path that is
steep? (It is) freeing a neck (slave). Or giving food in
a day of hunger (famine), to an orphan near of kin.
Or to miskīn (needy) cleaving to dust
(out of misery). (Q. 90:11-16)
The Prophet s.a.w. said:
أَفْضَلُ الصَّدَقَةِ عَلَى ذِي الرَّحِمِ الْكَاشِحِ )رواه أحمد وأبو داود والترمذي (
The best charity is to the relatives
who harbor secret enmity.
(Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and al-Tirmidhi)
5. Charity to the neighbour. Allah advises Muslims to do good to
people, among them are the neighbours. He says:
) وَالْجَارِ ذِي القُرْبَى وَالْجَارِ الجُ نُبِ )النساء: 85
…the neighbor who is near of kin, the neighbour
who is a stranger… (Q. 4:36)
The Prophet s.a.w. advised Abῡ Dharr, that if he makes a soup he
should give more water to his soup to be shared by his neighbours.
6. Charity to a friend who is in the path of Allah. The Prophet said:
أَفْضَلُ الدَّنَانِيرِ دِينَارٌ أَنْ فَقَهُ الرَّجُلُ عَلَى عِيَالِهِ، وَدِينَارٌ أَنْ فَقَهُ عَلَى دَابَّتِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ الل هِ،
وَدِينَارٌ أَنْ فَقَهُ عَلَى أَصْحَابِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ )رواه أبو داؤد(
The best dinars are: that which is spent by
the man for his family, for his animal in the path of
Allah, and for his friend in the path of Allah.
(Reported by Muslim)
7. Charity for jihād in the path of Allah, as mentioned in many
Qur’anic verses: (Q. 9:41, 88-89; 49:15; 57:10-11).
8. Perpetual charity (ṣadaqah jāriyah), which remains after the death
of its giver, and with continuous reward. The Prophet said:
إِذَا مَاتَ الْإِنْسَانُ انْ قَطَعَ عَمَلُهُ إِلََّ مِنْ ثَلَاثٍ: صَدَقَةٍ جَارِيَةٍ، أَوْ عِلْمٍ ي نُْتَ فَعُ بِهِ،
100
أَوْ وَلَدٍ صَالِحٍ يَدْعُو لَهُ )رواه الطبراني و ابن حبان و البيهقي(
If a man dies his deed ceases except in three things:
perpetual charity, knowledge for which people get benefit,
and a son (daughter) who prays for him (Reported by
al-Tabrani, Ibn Hibban, and al-Bayhaqi)
Some examples of perpetual charity are: making public wells where
their water is for everybody; building mosques, houses for orphans
and widows, disseminating knowledge, etc. The Prophet s.a.w. said:
مَنْ بَ نَى مَسْجِدًا يَ بْ تَغِي بِهِ وَجْهَ اللَّهِ بَ نَى اللُ لَهُ بَ يْتًا فِي الْجَنَّةِ )رواه البخاري ومسلم(
Whoever built a mosque, Allah will built
a house for him in Paradise
(Reported by Bukhari and Muslim)
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْ رَةَ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللُ عَ لَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : إِنَّ مِمَّا يَ لْحَقُ الْمُؤْمِنَ مِنْ
عَمَلِهِ وَحَسَنَاتِهِ بَ عْدَ مَوْتِهِ عِلْمًا عَلَّمَهُ وَنَشَرَهُ، وَوَلَدًا صَالِحًا تَ رَكَهُ، وَمُصْحَفًا وَرَّثَهُ،
أَوْ مَسْجِدًا بَ نَاهُ، أَوْ بَ يْتًا لَِبْنِ السَّبِيلِ بَ نَاهُ، أَوْ نَ هْ رًا أَجْرَاهُ، أَوْ صَدَقَةً أَخْرَجَهَا مِنْ
مَالِهِ فِي صِحَّتِهِ وَحَيَاتِهِ، يَ لْحَقُهُ مِنْ بَ عْدِ مَوْتِهِ )رواه ابن ماجة(
Abu Hurayrah r.a. narrated that the Messenger of
Allah said: “Verily, the good deeds that follow a believer
after his death are knowledge he taught and disseminated,
or a pious son he left behind, or a mushaf of the Qur’an he
bequeathed, or a mosque he built, or a house for wayfarers
he built, or a stream he caused to run, or charity he
gave while he was healthy and alive, they
will follow him after his death.
(Reported by Ibn Majah)
(CIVIC, 24.05.13)
Bibliography:
Al-Maktabah al-Shamilah
ttp://majdah.maktoob.com/vb/majdah65284/
http://www.kalemat.org/sections.php?so=va&aid=425
101
17. ABDULLAH IBN ‘ABBᾹS (2)
Ibn ‘Abbās, as an eminent scholar in various branches of
Islamic knowledge is reflected in the following story:
The rulers of Rome once sent a letter to Mu’āwiyah containing a
number of questions. He asked Abdullah Ibn Abbās to give the
answers. The questions and his answers are as follows:
Q.: Which are the five phrases most loved by Allah?
A.: 1. La ilāha illallāh (“there is no god but Allah”), as the action is
only accepted by Allah if it is accompanied with īmān (faith in
tawḥīd, the oneness of Allah). 2. Subḥānallāh (“Glory to Allah”),
as it is the salutation of Allah’s creature to Him. 3. Al-ḥamdu
lillāh (“praise be to Allah”), as an expression of praise and
appreciation. 4. Allāhu Akbar (“Allah is Great” or “Allah is the
Greatest”) cited many times during the performance of the
prayer: when the prayer is started, when bowing and prostrating.
5. Lā ḥawla wa lā quwwata illā billāh (“There is no power and
no strength save in Allah”).
Q.: Which man and woman were the most esteemed servants of
Allah?
A.: Adam a.s. was the most esteemed man, as he was created by
Allah with His own hands, and taught the names of things by
Him. The most esteemed among women was Maryam (Mary) the
daughter if ‘Imrān, because she guarded her chastity.
Q. : What four things had souls but never in the wombs of mothers?
A.: Adam a.s., Ḥawwā’ (Eve), the staff of Prophet Mῡsā (Moses) a.s.
which turned into a serpent, and the ram brought to be sacrificed
as substitute of Isma’il (Ishmael) a.s.
Q.: Which grave that moved around with its inmate?
102
A.: The fish that swallowed Prophet Yūnus (Jonah) a.s.
Q.: Which portion of the earth was exposed to the sun only once?
A. The portion of the sea which split open for the Banu Isra’il to pass
through.
Q. What is the status of the Milky Way?
A. The Milky Way is the one of the doors of the sky.
Q. What is the origin of the rainbow?
A. It is a sign showing that after the people of Nuh (Noah) a.s, no
other nation would be destroyed by being drowned in a similar
manner.
One day Nāfi‘ bin Azraq and Najdah ibn ‘Uwaymir went with a
group of leaders of Khawarij people seeking knowledge until they
reached Makkah. Suddenly they saw Abdullah ibn ‘Abbās sitting
beside the well of Zamzam, wearing a red cloak and a white shirt.
They saw people standing and asking him questions on the tafsīr
(interpretation, commentary) of the Qur’an. They asked, “O Ibn
‘Abbās, what do you say about such-and-such, and he answered,
such-and-such.”
Nāfi‘ bin Azraq said to him: “How dare you, O Ibn ‘Abbās , to
say what you have said…! [meaning, giving interpretation of the
Qur’an]”.
“May your mother bereave you, O Nāfi‘,” answered Ibn ‘Abbās
ثَكِلَتْكَ أُمُّكَ ] . , was a common expression of disappointment towards
someone among the Arabs in the past, i.e., “may you die” a prayer
but not wished to happen]. “Would you like me to tell you about a
person who is darer, bolder than me?”
“Who is he, O Ibn ‘Abbās?” asked Nāfi‘
103
“A man who talks about something which he has no knowledge
of it, or a man who conceals a knowledge he knows,” answered Ibn
‘Abbās .
Ibn ‘Abbās himself narrated,
قَالَ رَسُولُ اللََِّّ صَلَّى اللََُّّ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَنْ قَالَ فِي الْقُرْآنِ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ
فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ مَقْعَدَهُ مِنْ النَّارِ )رواه أحمد(
The Messenger of Allah said: “Whoever
says (something) about the Qur’an without
(proper) knowledge, should prepare
His seat in the Hellfire.’
(Reported by Ahmad)
Allah Himself threatens those who conceal the truth with
punishment. He says:
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَكْتُمُونَ مَا أَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ الْبَيِّنَاتِ وَ الْهُدَى مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا بَيَّنَّاهُ لِلنَّاسِ
) . فِي الْكِتَابِ أُولَئِكَ يَلْعَنُهُمُ اللََُّّ وَيَلْعَنُهُمُ اللَعِنُونَ )الْبَقَرَة: 331
Verily, those who conceal the clear proofs,
Evidences and the guidance, which We have
sent down, afer We have made it clear for
the people in the Book, they are the
ones cursed by Allah and cursed
by the cursers. (Q. 2:159)
He also says:
وَإِذْ أَخَذَ اللََُّّ مِيثَاقَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ لَتُبَيِّنُنَّهُ لِلنَّاسِ
) وَلَّ تَكْتُمُونَهُ... )آل عمرَان: 387
And (remember) when Allah took a covenant
from those who were given the Scripture (Jews
and Christians) to make it )the news of (the coming
of Prophet Muhammad and the religious knowledge)
known and clear to mankind, and
not to hide it…(Q. 3:187)
104
Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet s.a.w. said:
حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ .» مَنْ سُئِلَ عَنْ عِلْمٍ يَعْلَمُهُ فَكَتَمَهُ، أُلْجِمَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ بِلِجَامٍ مِنْ نَارٍ
Whoever is asked knowledge which he knows
then he concealed it, a bridle of fire would be
put on him in the Judgment Day.”
However, the Prophet explained that the knowledge
intended here is the important one dealing with religion and the
application of the shari’ah. For example, if someone asks us
about alcohol in Islam, and we know it is haram (prohibited)
then we keep silent. Not something unimportant, or something
which we have to keep secret, which would be dangerous to
reveal to the questioner. So, when Ibn ‘Abbās meant that he did
nothing wrong in explaining the meanings of difficult verses of
the Qur’an, Nāfi‘ said:
“You are right, but I come to ask you”
“Ask me,” said Ibn ‘Abbās .
Nāfi‘ asked Ibn ‘Abbās the meanings of 287 difficult
words in the Qur’an, and to refer them to the poetry. These questions
and answered were collected in a form of a book entitled Masā’il
Nāfi‘ bin al-Azraq (“Nāfi‘ bin al-Azraq’s Questions”)
Some examples of these questions are as follows:
Nāfi‘ : Tell me about the verse
) مَا لَكُمْ لََّ تَرْجُونَ لِلَِّّ وَقَا ا را )نوح : ٣١
What is the matter with you that you do not
fear Allah’s majesty. (Q. 71:13).
Ibn ‘Abbās , said: … “[What is the matter with you that] you
are not afraid of the majesty of your Lord”
“Did the Arabs know it?”, asked Nāfi‘.
105
“Yes,” said Ibn ‘Abbās , “haven’t you heard Abū Dhu’ayb al-
Hudhalī ( d. ca. 28/649), said in his poem,
إذا لَسَعَتْهُ الن حْلُ لمَ يَرْجُ لَسْعَهاَ * وَخَالفَهَا فَي بَيْتِ نُوْبٍ عَوَاسِلُ
If the bees sting him he will not afraid
[will not care], as it will be compensated
with honey in the place of misfortune (i.e.,
the stings of bees in the bee hive).”
[Masā’il, p. 38]?
The term rajā’ means “to hope, to expect”; as a noun it mean
“hope, expectation”. The Arab woman called Rajā’ is equivalent to
the Italian one called Speranza. But in verses like the one mentioned
earlier, the term rajā’ is translated not as “hope”, but as “fear”. It will
be unreasonable that if you take the honey from the beehive, that you
would not expect the bees to attack and sting you. What is reasonable
is that you do not fear, or do not care, of the attack of the bees.
Classical mufassirīn (commentators of the Qur’an), such as al-
Ṭabarī, and Ibn Kathir, both followed the interpretation of Ibn ‘Abbās
in such verses. Al-Qurṭubī and al-Ṭabarsī, also followed Ibn ‘Abbās ’s
interpretation, but they also used “not fearing Allah’s punishment”
instead of “… Allah’s Majesty.” This term has been dealt with in very
my early khutbah (2007) entitled Problems in Translating the Qur’an
in Selected Khutab Vol. 3, no. 31
Another example is that Nāfi‘ asked Ibn ‘Abbās the meaning of
yaḥūra in the verse: ) إِنَّه ظَ ن أَنْ لَنْ يَحُوْرَ )الإنشقاق: 31 “Verily, he thought
that he would never come back (to Us)” (Q. 84:14). Ibn ‘Abbās said
that it means “that they would never come back”, and cited the poem
of Labīd bin Rabī‘ah, as follows:
وَمَا المَرْءُ إِلََّّ كَالشِّهَابِ وَ ضَوْءِهِ * يَحُوْرُ رَمَاداا بَعْدَ إِذْ هُوَ سَاطِعُ
Man is only like the shooting star and its light,
it returned ashes after shining.
106
It is said that the term itself is originally from the Ethiopian language
adopted into Arabic language. [Masā’il, p. 55]
The Qur’anic commentators al-Qurṭubī and Ibn Kathīr followed
Ibn ‘Abbās ’s interpretation in this verse. Al-Ṭabarī translates it “he
would never be raised” instead of “he would never return (to Us)”.
These two examples are just two out of 287 difficult words in
the Qur’an explained by Ibn ‘Abbās to Nāfi‘ citing as evidence from
classical Arabic poetry. Were Nāfi‘ bin al-Azraq asked more
questions Ibn ‘Abbās would have given him more answers. This
indicates his deep knowledge of Arabic poetry. This also indicates the
importance of Arabic poetry in understanding difficult words of the
Qur’an. (CIVIC, 31.05.13)
Bibliography:
Al-Maktabah al-Shāmilah
Dr. Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Dālī (ed.), Masā’il Nāfi‘ bin Azraq.
Cyprus: Yaffan & al-Jafi, 1992.
http://www.thecompanions.info/2012/03/the-great-mufassir-abdullahibn-
abbas-%d8%b1%d8%b6%d9%8ad8%
a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%b9%d9%86%d9%87/
107
18. ABDULLAH IBN ‘ABBᾹS (3)
Ibn ‘Abbās specified his method of tafsīr (interpretation of the
Qur’an) when he said: “There are four aspects of tafsīr: known by the
Arabs from their language, known to everyone (no excuse of being
ignorant of it), known by scholars, and known by Allah Alone.” .” (al-
Ṭabarī, Jāmi‘ al-Bayān, vol.1, pp. 24-26).
He also narrated that the Prophet s.a.w. said: “The Qur’an was
revealed in four aspects: ḥalāl (lawful) and ḥarām (prohibited) which
should be known by everybody, known by the Arabs, known by
scholars, and known by Allah Alone. (Ibid.)
The first aspect is that the Qur’an contains religious
exhortations, spiritual counsels, obligations, and laws which should be
learned, practised and taught by Muslims in general, because it is the
constitution of the Shariah.
The second aspect is the Qur’an is understood by the Arabs
themselves, because it was revealed in their language. They were
contemporary of the Prophet, they witnessed the revelation, where,
when, and the condition where the Qur’an was revealed. Here lies
the importance of knowing and mastering Arabic rhetoric (balāghah),
the use of figurative language, such as metaphors and similes, etc.
Knowing classical Arabic literature and the tradition of the Arabs
before Islam would also be helpful in understanding the verses of the
Qur’an. Here also lies the contribution of Ibn Abbās in understanding
difficult words in the Qur’an. One of his books which reached us is
his Kitāb Gharīb al-Qur’ān (“The Meanings of Difficult Words in the
Qur’an”).
The third aspect is what is known by scholars only, verses
dealing with the details of issues such as the philosophy of being, and
the secrets of life. Many non-Muslim scholars become Muslims when
they learn that many verses of the Qur’an explain something which
can only be understood fully in recent times, such as human
108
embryonic development, the origin of the universe, deep seas and
internal waves, and the formation of clouds. There are many books
written on this subject, such as:
Dr. Maurice Bucaille “The Bible, The Qur’an and Science, The
Holy Scriptures Examined In The Light Of Modern Knowledge.” It
has been translated from French to Arabic, English, Indonesian,
Persian, Turkish and German.
I.A. Ibrahim. A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam.
Houston: Darussalam, 1997. It is distributed free in many mosques
and Islamic centres.
The fourth aspect is what is known by Allah Alone, called
(mutashābihāt, ambiguous)) (except, according to some scholars, if
He will reveals it to His chosen people), such as the meanings of the
alphabetical letters in the beginning of some surahs (chapters) of the
Qur’an, such as A-L-M, Ḥ-M.
Ibn ‘Abbās’s Method of Interpretation is as follows:
1. Referring to the Qur’an itself in finding the explanation of a
particular verse, finding any indication whether it is general
(‘ām) , e.g. including all human beings, or all Muslims, or
specific (khāṣṣ) where its application is restricted to certain
special circumstance only; whether it is “free” (muṭlaq) from
any conditions or circumstances, or “bound” (muqayyad) to
special conditions or circumstances; whether the meaning is
derived from its literal wording (manṭūq) or from what is
understood (mafhūm). For example, the following verse:
قَالُوا رَبَّنَا أَمَتَّنَا اثْنَتَيْنِ وَأَحْيَيْتَنَا اثْنَتَيْنِ فَاعْتَرَفْنَا بِذُ نُوبِنَا
) فَهَلْ إِلَى خُرُوجٍ مِنْ سَبِيلٍ )غافر: 33
They will say: “Our Lord! You have made us to die twice,
and you have given us life twice! Now we confess our sins,
then is there any way to get out (of the Fire)? (Q. 40:11)
Ibn ‘Abbās gives his commentary of this verse, as follows: “You
had been dead before Allah created you, and this is one death. Then
He gave you life, and this is one life. Then He makes you die, and you
109
go back to the graves, and this is another death. Then He resurrects
you in the Judgment Day, and this is another life. So, we have two
deaths (and two lives), as Allah says:
كَيْفَ تَكْفُرُونَ بِالِلَِّ وَكُنتُمْ أَمْوَات اً فَأَحْيَاكُمْ ثُمَّ يُمِيتُكُمْ ثُمَّ يُحْيِيكُمْ
) ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ )البقرة: 23
How can you disbelieve in Allah? Seeing that you were dead
and He gave you life. Then He will give you death, then again will
bring you to life and then unto Him you will return (Q. 2:28)
2. Taking asbāb al-nuzūl (lit. “reasons of revelations”) into
consideration. It is investigating the circumstances or particular
events which lead to the revelation of particular verses of the
Qur’an. This science of the Qur’an is extremely important to
understand, “reasons” the verses were revealed. It could be in
response to an event, or a general situation, or in response to a
particular question, and other reasons, either known or unknown
to us. Here are some examples:
a. Ibn ‘Abbās wished to know whom among the Prophet’s wives
referred to in the verse
إِنْ تَتُوبَا إِلَى اللََّّ فَقَدْ صَغَتْ قُلُوبُكُمَا وَإِنْ تَظَاهَرَا عَلَيْهِ فَإِنَّ اللََّّ هُوَ مَوْلََّه وَجِبْرِيلُ
) وَصَالِحُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمَلََئِكَة بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ ظَهِيرٌ )التحريم: 1
If you two turn in repentance to Allah, (it will be
Better for you), your hearts are indeed so inclined
(to oppose what the Prophet likes); but if you help
One another against him, then verily, Allah is his mawlā
(Lord, or Master, or Protector), and Jibril (Gabriel),
And the righteous among the believers; and
furthermore, the angels are his helpers. (Q. 66:4)
Ibn ‘Abbās had a chance to ask ‘Umar about it when they
performed hajj (pilgrimage) together, where ‘Umar told him
that they were ‘Ᾱ’ishah and Ḥafṣah. It is said that it took him
two years to ask ‘Umar, as he was hesitated because of his
(‘Umar’s) dignity.
110
b. Ibn ‘Abbās learned that verses dealing with the allegation
that the Qur’an was merely the story men of old were revealed
in the case of al-Naḍr ibn al-Ḥārith. He was the main
opponent of the authenticity of the Qur’an as revelation from
Allah. Ibn ‘Abbās said that people came to al-Naḍr ibn al-
Ḥārith asking him what Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. had said.
He answered: “I saw him moving his lips, and what he said
was nothing but the tales of the ancient, like what I have
related to you of stories of past centuries.” Al-Naḍr ibn al-
Ḥārith had many tales and travel stories. He had heard the
tales of Persian origin, like the story of Rostam, (the greatest
Persian mythological hero, a Persian Hercules), and Prince
Esfandyar with whom Rostam engaged in a battle), and al-
Naḍr ibn al-Ḥārith in turn related them to his people.
These verses are as follows:
). إِذا تُ تْلى عَلَيْهِ آياتُنا قالَ أَساطِيرُ الَْْوَّلِينَ ) القلم: 16 . المطففين: 18
When Our Verses (of the Qur’an) are recited to him,
he says: “Tales of the men of old!”
(Q. 68:15; 83:13)
) إِنْ هَذَا إِلََّ أَسَاطِيرُ الَْْوَّلِينَ )الْنعام: 36 . الْنفال: 81 . المؤمنون: 38 . النمل: 35
“These are nothing but tales of the men of old”.
(Q. 6:25; 8:31; 23:83; 27:68)
) قَالُوا أَسَاطِيرُ الَْْوَّلِينَ )النحل: 34 . الفرقان: 6
They say; “Tales of the men of old!”
Q. 16:24; 25:5)
) مَا هَذَا إِلََّ أَسَاطِيرُ الَْْوَّلِينَ )الْحقاف: 16
“This is nothing but the tales of the ancient”(Q.46:17)
) (يَ قُولُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ هَذَا إِلََّ أَسَاطِيرُ الَْْوَّلِينَ ) الْنعام: 36
... the disbelievers say: “These are nothing but
tales of the men of old.” (Q. 6:25)
111
c. Sometimes, several reasons where a particular verse was
revealed, such as the following verse:
وَلَوْ أَنَّمَا فِي الَْْرْضِ مِنْ شَجَرَةٍ أَقْلَامٌ وَالْبَحْرُ يَمُدُّ هُ مِنْ بَ عْدِهِ سَبْ عَةُ أَبْحُرٍ
) مَا نَفِدَتْ كَلِمَاتُ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ )لقمان: 36
And if all the trees on the earth were pens and the
sea (were ink wherewich to write), with seven seas
behind it to add to its (supply), yet the Words of
Allah would not be exhausted. Verily, Allah is
All-Mighty, All-Wise. (Q.31:27)
- The Quraysh people in rejecting the Qur’an which the
Prophet s.a.w. was reciting: “Muhammad’s talking will finish
and he will soon go away.” Others said: “Muhammad talked
too much!” Then the above verse was revealed.
- Ibn ‘Abbās related that when the Prophet s.a.w. arrived at
Madinah in his migration to that city, the Jews asked him
about the Qur’anic verse " : وَما أُوتِيتُمْ مِنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلََّّ قَلِي ا لَ " ]الَّسراء
83], meaning “… and of knowledge, you (Mankind) have
been given only a little” (Q. 17:85), whereas they had been
given the Torah containing Allah’s sayings and laws, and
according to the Prophet, it explained everything. The
Prophet said, that the Torah was “a little among many )قَلِيْلٌ
مِنْ كَثِيْر( ” , meaning that there were still many things not
mentioned in the Torah. Then the above verse was revealed.
The “words of Allah” in the above verse means Allah’s
knowledge and the reality of things, as He had known
things before He created it.
3. Ibn ‘Abbās sought commentary of reliable resources, such as the
commentary from the Prophet himself, as well as his family and
companions (ṣaḥābah). As mentioned earlier Ibn ‘Abbās was an
extensive seeker of knowledge. He learned many hadiths of the
Prophet through the sahabah, especially, his own cousin, ‘Ali
ibn Abi Talib dealing with the commentary of the Qur’an. He
112
said: مَ ا اَخَ ذْ تُ مِ نْ تَفْ سِ يرِ الق رْ آنِ ف عَ نْ عَ لِىِّ بنِ اَ بِيْ ط ا لِب “What I have
learned about the tafsir (commentary of the Qur’an) is from Ali
ibn Abi Talib.” When he was asked how he obtained so much
knowledge, he said: بِ لِسَ انٍ سَ ؤُ ولٍ وَ ق لبٍ عَ ق ول “With an inquisitive
curious tongue, and with a discerning intelligent heart.” He
kept asking and kept remembering the answers of his questions.
4. His proficiency in high-ranking Arabic literature. The Qur’an
was revealed in eloquent Arabic language in wording as well as
in meaning. Even in using some tribal languages, the words used
are the eloquent, and familiar among them. Therefore, whenever
we find any difficulty in understanding the meanings of
particular words, we should refer to the eloquence of the
expressions of the Arabs contemporary to the revelation of the
Qur’an. This is what Ibn ‘Abbās did in this case. He referred to
the eloquent and marvellous expression in pre-Islamic poetry and
of people at that time. He was endowed with strong memory, that
once he heard something important, such as poetry, he
memorised it instantly. Although the dialect of the Quraysh tribe
was dominant in the Qur’an, many other dialects are also used,
even some non-Arabic words were adopted in the Qur’an. Due to
this difference of tribal languages in the Qur’an, not all of the
ṣaḥābah knew the meanings of the words of the Qur’an. Ibn
Abbas explained them in this book كِتَابُ غَرِيْبِ الْقُرْآن (“The
Meanings of Difficult Words in the Qur’an”). (CIVIC, 14.06.13(
Sources/ : المصادر
المكتبة الشاملة
عبد اللَّ بن عباس , كتاب غريب القرآن. حققه و قدم له دكتور أحمد بلوط. القاهرة: مكتبة
الزهراء, 3110
Ahmad von Denffer, ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān. Kuala Lumpur: A.S.
Noordeen, 1991
http://www.almaaref.org/maarefdetails.php?subcatid=37&id=1705&c
id=20&supcat=5&bb=0&number=18
113
19. ABDULLAH IBN ‘ABBAS (4)
Ibn ‘Abbas (d. 68/687) as a mufassir (commentator of the
Qur’an) there are two books attributed to him:
(a) Tanwīr al-Miqbās min Tafsīr Ibn Abbās ( تنوير المقباس من تفسير بن
عباس ), also called “Tafsīr Ibn Abbās”. It was collected by
Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb al-Fīrūzābādī (d. 817/1414). However,
recent evidence show that: (1) this book had existed in 545 AH
much earlier, long before al-Fīrūzābādī died, and (2) it is a
concise version of Ibn al-Kalbi's Tafsīr by al-Dinawari where it
contained the controversial Isrā’īliyyāt (Jewish legends).
(b) Tafsīr Ibn Abbās, published by Dārul Fikr in Beirut, Lebanon. It
is considered more authentic since its version's chain of
narration goes back to the companion Ali ibn Abī Ṭalḥah.
Another book which we shall deal with here is كِتَابُ غَرِيْبِ الْقُرْآن
(Kitāb Gharīb al-Qur’ān, Book on Difficult Words in the Qur’an),
edited by Dr. Ahmed Būlūṭ, Cairo, 1993. It contains 435 words in 51
tribal languages of the Arabs including some foreign words, such as:
Hebrew (2 words), Syriac (5 words), Nabataean (11 words), Chinese
(1 word), Persian (3 words), Coptic (3 words), Roman (2 words),
Ethiopian (6 words), and Berber (1 word).
In his book Ibn ‘Abbas did not refer to lines of poetry to as
evidence of his interpretation of the meanings of the difficult words,
as he did with Nāfi‘ ibn Azraq. The book was edited by Dr. Aḥmad
Būlūṭ, former Head of the Department of Arabic Language and
Rhetoric, Faculty of Divine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey. First
published in 1993, twenty years ago. The book was based on three
manuscripts: (a) As‘ad Effendi’s manuscript, the most complete one;
(b) ‘Ᾱṭif Effendi’s manuscript, and (c) al-Ẓāhiriyyah manuscript, the
least complete of the three.
The Qur’an was revealed in the language of the Quraysh tribe
which was the most eloquent one, called by the Qur’an itself “clear
114
Arabic” ( بِلِسَانٍ عَرَبِيٍّ مُبِينٍ ). However, there were many words it adopted
from other tribal languages, even from foreign languages. On the
other hand, there were also some words of the Quraysh language
which were not understood by other tribes. Ibn ‘Abbās explained the
meanings of 124 words mentioned in the verses of the Qur’an,
namely, more than a quarter of the total number of words he
explained in his book. Words from the language of the Hudhayl tribe
was 52 in number, followed by that of Kinānah, 40 words.
Some examples of the words belonging to the Quraysh tribe
explained by Ibn ‘Abbās are as follows:
1. The word لَوَّاحَة (lawwāḥah), which means حَرَّاقَة )burning) in
the following verse:
36- .وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا سَقَرُ .لََّ تُبْقِي وَلََّ تَذَرُ . لَوَّاحَة لِلْبَشَرِ )المدثر: 31
And what will make you know (exactly) what Hellfire
is?) It spare not (any sinner), nor does it leave
(anything unburnt)! Burning and blackening
the skins! (Q. 74:26-29)
This will be the condition of those who deny the revelation.
2. The word السَّاقُ (al-sāq), which means الشِّدَّة (hardship) in the
following verse: ) وَالْتَفَّتِ السَّاقُ بِالسَّاقِ )القيامة: 31
And one leg will be joined with another leg
(shrouded) (Q. 75:29)
What is meant here by Ibn ‘Abbas is الشِّدَّة بالشِّدَّة , “hardship
upon hardship”, as pointed out by the Qur’anic commentator
al-Ṭabarī, as follows: “Or it may mean: hardship and distress
will be joined with another hardship and distress (i.e., distress
of death, and of the thought as to what is going to happen to
him in the Hereafter.”
3. The word زَمْهَرِيررررررررررررررررررررررر ا ر (zamharīr), which means قَمَرررررررررررررررررررررررر
(moon) in the following verse:
) مُتَّكِئِينَ فِيهَا عَلَى الْأَرَائِكِ لََّ يَرَوْنَ ف يهَا شَمْ ا سا وَلََّ زَمْهَرِي ا را )الإنسان: 30
115
Reclining therein on raised thrones, they will see there
neither the excessive heat of the sun, nor the excessive bitter
cold, (as in Paradise here is no sun no moon).(Q. 76:13)
4. The word (al-mu‘ṣirāt), which means سَحَا ب (clouds) in the
following verse: ) وَأَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ الْمُعْصِرَاتِ مَا ا ء ثَجَّا ا جا ) النبأ: 31
And We have sent down from the rainy clouds
abundant water (Q. 78:14)
5. The word عَسْعَسَ (‘as‘asa), which means أَدْبَرَ (depart) in the
following verse: ) وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا عَسْعَسَ )التكوير: 37
And by the night as it departs (Q. 81:17)
The word عَسْعَسَ belongs to al-aḍdād (words which have two
opposite meanings), the approaching (the beginning) of the
night and its departure (end), twilight, dawn and dusk
(Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī, Mufradāt, sv. عَسْعَسَ ). The use of
“depart” as its meaning here, is because the verse is followed
by ( وَالصُّبْحِ إِذَا تَنَفَّسَ ) 38 ) “And by the dawn as it brightens.” (Q.
81:18). The term تَنَفَّسَ literally means “to breathe”, so that the
verse literally means, “By the dawn when it starts breathing,”
as if it dies at night.
6. The word تَرَدَّى (taraddā), which means مَات (die) in the
following verse: ) وَمَا يُغْنِي عَنْه مَالُه إِذَا تَرَدَّى )الليل: 33
And what will his wealth avail him when he goes
down (in destruction)? (Q. 92:11)
The word تَرَدَّى literally means "to fall, tumble; to decline, to
fall off; to deteriorate”. Its root is رَدِيَ , “to perish”. This word
“perish” is also used in English to mean “to die”.
7. The word إِمْ ا را (imran), which means عَجَب (strange, weird) as
in the following verse:
فَانْطَلَقَا حَتَّى إِذَا رَكِبَا فِي السَّفِينَةِ خَرَقَهَا قَالَ أَخَرَقْتَهَا لِتُغْرِقَ أَهْلَهَا
) لَقَدْ جِئْتَ شَيْئاا إِمْ ا را ) الكهف : 73
So they both proceeded [Prophet Moses and al-Khiḍr],
till, when they embarked the ship he (al-Khiḍr) scuttled it.
116
(Moses) said: “Have you scuttled it in order to drown its
people? Verily, you have committed a thing imra
(a munkar-evil, bad dreadful thing)” (Q. 18:71)
The basic meaning of إِمْ ا را is "dreadful, terrible thing".
Some words in the Qur’an understood in the Quraysh language
were slightly different from their basic meanings. In such case, the
two meanings are applicable, although the dominant one is in the
language of the Quraysh, as it was revealed in the Quraysh language.
For example, the word حَرَج (ḥaraj) means: “narrowness, constriction,
distress, anguish, difficulty”. But this word, according to Ibn ‘Abbas,
means الشَّكَ (“doubt, uncertainty”) in the Quraysh language in the
following verses:
فَمَنْ يُرِدِ اللََّّ أَنْ يَهدِيَه يَشْرَحْ صَدْرَه لِلِْْسْلََمِ وَمَنْ يُرِدْ أَنْ يُضِلَّه يَجْعَلْ صَدْرَه ضَيِّقاا حَرَ ا جا
) كَأَنَّمَا يَصَّعَّدُ فِي السَّمَاءِ كَذَلِكَ يَجْعَلُ اللََّّ الرِّجْسَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ لََّ يُؤْمِنُونَ )الأنعام: 333
And whomsoever Allah wills to guide, He opens his breast to Islam;
and whomsoever He wills to send astray, He makes his breast closed
and constricted, as if he is climbing up to the sky… (Q. 6:125)
By using the two meanings of حَرَج (ḥaraj) we can say that his
breast is in doubt of the truth of Islam that makes it constricted,
difficult to breath, as if he is climbing a mountain. The higher he goes
the more he needs oxygen to breath, until he dies of lack of oxygen.
This is a scientific interpretation of this verse.
The other verse runs as follows:
) كِتَابٌ أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ فَلََ يَكُنْ فِي صَدْرِكَ حَرَجٌ مِنْه لِتُنْذِرَ بِهِ وَذِكْرَى لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ )الأعراف: 3
(This is a) Book (the Qur’an) sent down to you (O Muhammad),
so let not your breast be narrow [be doubtful] therefrom , that you
warn thereby; and a reminder to the believers.(Q. 7:2)
The word حَرَج (ḥaraj) itself contains the sense of الشَّكَ (“ doubt,
uncertainty”), such as the expression لَّ يَرَى حَرَ ا جا مِنْه which means “he
feels no hesitation about it.” Hesitation indicates doubt.
117
However, in another verse of the Qur’an, Ibn ‘Abbas was asked
the meaning the word حَرَج (ḥaraj) “constriction, distress, anguish,
difficulty,” as follows:
... هُوَ اجْتَبَاكُمْ وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ مِنْ حَرَجٍ مِلَّة أَبِيكُمْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ
) هُوَ سَمَّاكُمُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَفِي هَذَا ...)الحج: 78
He has chosen you(to convey his Message of Islamic Monotheism
to mankind…) and has not laid upon you in religion any hardship.It is
the religion of your father Ibrahim (Abraham). It is He Who has
named you Muslims both before and in this (Qur’an)… (Q. 78)
Ibn ‘Abbas answered: “If you have difficulty in understanding the
words of the Qur’an, find it in poetry, because it is Arabic.” Then he
called a Bedouin, and asked him: “What is حَرَج (ḥaraj)?” He
answered: الضِّيْق (“narrowness, anguish, distress, worry, weariness”).
Ibn ‘Abbas said to him” “You are right.” So, here ḥaraj means
“distress”, rather than “doubt”.
Before the Prophet emigrated to Madinah, formerly called
“Yathrib”, there had been two dominant tribes fighting against each
other for supremacy, the Aws and the Khazraj. When the Prophet
emigrated to Madinah the term (līnah) meaning نَخْلَة (palm tree)
belonging to the language of Aws tribe was used the verse (Q. 59:5),
and the term انْفَضُّ وا meaning ذَهَبُوا (they went) and يَنْفَضُّوا
meaning يَذْ هَبُوا (“they go away") belonging the language of Khazraj
tribe were used in the verse (Q. 62:11) and (Q. 63: 7).
When the Qur’an related the story of Prophet Moses a.s. and
that of Pharaoh it used the term اليَ م coincided with the Coptic
language used in Egypt at that time, meaning البَحْر (sea, large river), as
in Q. 7:136; 20:39,97; 28: 7, 40; and 51:40)
When the Qur’an talked about Mt. Sinai, it used the term طُوْر
which was the Syriac word instead of جَبَل meaning “mountain”, as in
the verse Q.2:63 and 93; 4:154; 19:52; 20:80; 28: 29, 40. Syriac was
the mother-tongue of Prophet ‘Īsā (Jesus) a.s.
118
The pre-Islamic Arabs in Arabia preferred sons to daughters.
They were not happy when they had baby girls. When the Quraysh
idolaters alleged that the angels were the daughters of Allah, whereas
they had sons, the Qur’an rejected it. It considered it unfair, using a
Chinese word (and the only one used in the Qur’an), which was not
easy to pronounce, not nice to hear, and meant “strange and unfair”; a
strange word for an unfair allegation. The verse runs as follows:
) أَلَكُمُ الذَّكَرُ وَ لَه الْأُنْثَى . تِلْكَ إِ ا ذا قِسْمَة ضِيزَى ) النجم: 33
Is it for you the males and for Him the females? That
indeed is a division most unfair (Q. 53:21-22)
Unfortunately, as there are many Chinese languages, we do not
know which one among many Chinese languages meant by Ibn
‘Abbas. This reminds us of the statement of late Ahmad Deedat, may
Allah bless him, when he said that the aborigines of Australia
believed in the Oneness of God called Atnatu which means “the One
who has no orifice, namely, the one who does not eat, does not need
food to live.” Ahmad Deedat did not tell us which of the aboriginal
languages the word Atnatu came from. In late 18th century there were
between 350 and 750 aboriginal groupings and languages. At the start
of the 21th century fewer than 150 indigenous languages remain, and
all are highly endangered except roughly 20. (CIVIC, 21.06.13)
Bibliography:
Ibn ‘Abbas, Kitāb Gharīb al-Qur’ān
Al-Maktabah al-Shāmilah
Al-Raghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Mufradāt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwir_al-Miqbas
http://www.altafsir.com/Ibn-Abbas.asp
http://vb.tafsir.net/tafsir12803/
http://www.almaaref.org/maarefdetails.php?subcatid=37&id=170
5&cid=20&supcat=5&bb=0&number=18
119
20. MEANS AND OBJECTIVES
One of the prominent scholars in Islam in the 20th century was
the late Shaykh Muhammad al- Ghazālī. He was born in Egypt on 22
September 1917 and died in Saudi Arabia on 9 May 1996 at the age
of 78. Before he was born it was said that his father had seen al-
Imam al-Ghazālī in his dream, and told him the he would have a son,
and advised him to name him his name, al-Ghazālī. His father
accepted the advice and called him “Muhammad al-Ghazālī”
expecting a good omen with al-Imam al-Ghazālī.
Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazālī was a scholar, an Islamic thinker
dā ‘iyah (Islamic propagator) and a prolific writer. He was nicknamed
عَ ب قرِ ي الدَّ عْ وَ ة (“the genius of Islamic call”) and أَدِ يبُ الدَّ عْ وَ ة (“the man-ofletters
of Islamic call”). His criticism towards his contemporary ruling
regimes in Islamic world gave him troubles in Egypt as well as in
Saudi Arabia. He wrote more than 50 books. One of his books is
entitled السُنَّة النَّبَوِيَّة بَينَ أَهْلِ الفِقْهِ .. وَ أَهْلِ الْحَدِيْث (“The Prophetic Sunnah
between Experts of Fiqh and Experts of ḤaDīh”). The book was very
popular that it was reprinted seven times in the year it was published
in 1989. One of many interesting topics in this book is entitled وَسَائِل وَ
غَايَات (“Means and Objectives”). He deals with what is changing and
what is permanent in the field of jihād and shūrā.
Citing the ḥadīth of the Prophet s.a.w. that said: أَنْتُمْ أَعْلَمُ بأمُُورِ
دُنْيَاكُم (“You know better your worldly affairs”) he said that the worldly
affairs belong to human efforts, Muslims as well as non-Muslims.
Prophets sent by Allah were not to teach people crafts and skills, not
as engineers of physicians. The core of their messages was to explain
the beliefs, the acts of worships, morality and purifying the souls and
the community. They propagated teachings which regulate human
relations with their Lord, with their fellow human beings, and to
make them ponder their return to their Lord as pious people.
120
There are other fields similar to those of worldly affairs dealing
with freedom of movement, invention, and competition. They are
the means which are inevitable to achieve the decided religious
objectives, where the believers are left to find the way to achieve it,
and where no obligatory laws are mentioned. For example, the
obligatory prayer which has to be performed the way it was detailed
by the law giver (Allah), and to be acted upon without addition or
reduction.
On the other hand, jihad in fighting the enemy, although it is
also obligatory, but its tools and regulations have no specific forms
(models). With the change of weapons from swords and arrows to
cannons and rockets, the old regulations also change. Ribāṭ al-khayl
(“steeds of war) would change into building airports and modern
fortresses, establishing institutes of chemical, nuclear and astronomy
sciences, etc. In the past man bought his own weapon by his own
money. He took care of it, and trained himself with it. Whenever he
heard the call to the battle-field, he went out walking or riding his
horse specially trained for fighting. If he became martyred he would
leave behind widows and orphans. If he was wounded, he himself
had to bear the expense of his treatment. In such condition, the
regulation of ghanīmah (booty, spoils of war) had to be applied, and
its imposition is just. Many divine texts explain it and fix its shares.
Today conditions have radically changed. It is the state that
recruits individuals in general. It feeds, clothes, and equips the
enlisted young man with arms to be fully prepared to fight in the
battlefield. It treats him if he is wounded, and if he died, it honours
him and takes care of his family. As long as he lives he receives salary
which could increase with the increase of his rank. This system of
having regular forces has become an inevitable necessity. Defending
the country can no longer be relied on volunteers or individual
121
conditions. Otherwise, this would make nations be trampled down in
the crowd of the living and in the oppression of the strong.
With this new regulation the regulation dealing with spoils of
war also changes completely. The state establishes new direction in
punishing war criminals and treating the good and the bad. Based on
this changing situation the Prophet s.a.w. divided the shares of the
booty in the battle of Khaybar, one share for the infantry and two
shares for the horse. The horse rider will have one share, so that he
and his horse will have three shares of the booty. Abu Hanifah
rejects this view citing another hadith stating that the horse rider will
have two shares, and the infantry will have one share, and the horse
as an animal will have nothing rather than two shares, while the
infantry will have only one. However, Shaykh al-Ghazālī said this
issue has been closed, as winning the war depends mostly on more
sophisticated and accurate arms, such as armoured cruisers and
planes. The principle laid down by the Prophet that the one who
killed his enemy (in the battlefield) the booty will belong to him is
also no longer applicable.
Allah says in the Qur’an dealing with the booty, as follows:
وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْ ء فَأَنَّ لِل خُمُسَ ه وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى
وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آَمَنْتُمْ بِالِلَِّ وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ
) يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ وَاللَّّ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْ ء قَدِي ر )الأنفال: 83
And know that whatever of war-booty that you may gain,
verily, one-fifth of it is assigned to Allah, and to the Messenger, and
to the near relatives [of the Messenger] (and also) the orphans, the
needy and the wayfarer, if you have believed in Allah and in that
which We sent down to our slave (Muhamad) on the Day of criterion
(between right and wrong), the Day when the two forces me (in the
battle of Badr); and Allah is Able to do all things. (Q. 8:41)
122
Then we may rashly say that falsehood cannot come to the
Qur’an from before it or behind it [as mentioned in Q. 41:42], and
that its texts will remain forever, and nothing can abrogate it. We,
then, wonder what this verse means. Shall we give four-fifth of the
booty to the army and the remaining one-fifth to the rest of the
recipients mentioned in the verse? Shaykh al-Ghazālī in this case
leans to the view of Imam Malik that the one-fifth share in the booty
is only one way, and the state is not incumbent to apply it, if it sees
any benefit in other than that one-fifth. It has to be viewed in wider
perspective.
Imam Malik based his view on the case where the Prophet
unexpectedly divided the booty of the battle of Ḥunayn solely
among freedmen which almost saddened his companions until he
explained the wisdom behind it. Imam Malik also gave as evidence
what the Caliph ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab did with the conquered land.
He refused to give the four-fifth of it to the conquerors, but gave
them a portion from the tax imposed on it. The Muslim scholars in
the mass consider this solution belonging to al-maṣāliḥ al-mursalah
(public interests). There is no doubt, according to Shaykh al-Gazālī,
that ‘Umar’s initiation was more reasonable and more significant in
Islam and the Muslims.
Unlike ablution in which there is no room for individual opinion,
the equipment of jihad and its means are not fixed or put in
calculation, and therefore, reason is its main source. There is no
objection to bring the most modern arms from the West or from the
East, and there is no objection that we are trained by experts from
any colour or faith; what remains is that to use them according to
the rules of honour taught by Islam.
Like the shūrā (mutual consultation) which is a great principle,
the means of its actualization and the application of its equipment
123
have not been fixed yet. Apparently, this is due to the difference of
environments and cultural levels. We notice this case even in a
nation with high civilization.
What is important is to fulfill the security and methods which
render the shūrā a protected reality, so that individual despotism will
disappear, and political paganism will die, and the right view will
prevail without obstacle, and the qualified man will come forward
without resentment.
But these cannot be achieved without faith and morality. The
Islamic East had copied the Western democracy when it was in its
low phase in its history: baffling forgery in elections, and political
paganism took its way in the midst of a halo of false support of
people. A number of Muslim rulers killed thousand people to achieve
glory and to make their names hailed by people.
We have to clarify the difference between legal opposition and
revolution which destroys the structure of the community, or
between obligatory criticism and armed offence. Modern democracy
considers opposition as part of general rule of the state. This
opposition has a leader recognized, and with whom mutual
understanding could be achieved without any restraint. The ruler is a
human being, some would support him and others would oppose
him, and none of the two deserves respect more than the other. This
is what we are having in Australia, the ruler under Prime Minister
Kevin Rudd of the Labor party, and the opposition is led by Tony
Abbot of the Liberal party. Soon, we shall have an election to decide
which of the two parties wins the election.
This view of al-Ghazālī is very close to the teachings of the
rightly guided caliphs. ‘Ali ibn Abī Ṭālib, for example, did not attack
those who opposed him, but he said to them: “Keep your opinion if
you wish on condition not to create confusion and not to spill blood.”
124
So, this great man ‘Ali wanted a creative opposition, not a
destructive one, and he did not consider the opposition against him
as munkar (reprehensible). He said to the Khawārij (those who
opposed and abandoned him): “Be as you like to be, between you
and me is that no blood spill, no engagement in highway robbery,
and no injustice commitment. Otherwise, I would declare war
against you.” So, any opposition against the ruler does not constitute
fighting it, unless it poses a threat to the country. Ibn ‘Umar narrated
that the Prophet said: ) مَنْ حَمَلَ عَلَيْنَا السِّلَحَ فَلَيْسَ مِنَّا )رواه أحمد "Whoever
carries arms against us is not one of us" (Reported by Ahmad)
Shaykh al-Ghazālī asked this rhetorical question: “Is fighting
Islam under the pretext of fighting extremism a kind of democracy?”
He said that there are rulers in the Arab and Muslim world who
extremely hate what Allah has revealed, and become furious if they
see a girl covering her head and her shoulders, and reject angrily any
outcry to cancel the rules brought by the imperialist world when it
occupied their countries. He asked: “Is it democracy, or an extension
of the old humiliation and Crusade attack on the Muslim world?”
There were rulers among them who wanted to kill people in the
name of people, and to bury freedom in the name of freedom. This
case reminds me of the old Arabic proverb: يَبْنِي قَصْرًا وَ يَهْدِمُ مِصْرًا (“He
builds a palace, but he destroys a city”)
Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazālī expressed this view 28 years
ago in 1989. What he wanted to say is that Islam is not a static and
rigid religion, as some would claim, but a dynamic one. However,
those who misunderstand it will become extreme, and act contrary
to the spirit of its teachings. (CIVIC, 28June, 13)
المصادر:
. محمد الغزالي. السنة النبوية بين أهل الفقه و أهل الحديث. القاهرة: دار الشروق , 3939
المكتبة الشاملة
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ محمدالغزالي