IBN HAZM'S
CONCEPT
OF IJMĀ‘
By
Dr.
Muhammad Amin A. Samad
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
و به نستعين
ABSTRACT
This book is an attempt to study Ibn H.azm’s
concept of ijmā‘ (consensus). Ibn H.azm
was a Muslim scholar of Persian origin, who revived the Z.āhirī school in Andalusia
(Muslim Spain) in the fifth/eleventh century. The Z.āhirī school was founded by Dāwūd in Iraq in the
third/ninth century. This school was known for its insistence on the literal
interpretation of the nas.s. (divine
text). Ijmā‘ is accepted by Muslim jurists en masse as the third
source of Islamic law after the Qur’ān and the Sunnah (practice) of the
Prophet. However, these jurists held different concepts on ijmā‘ according
to the schools to which they belonged. As an exponent of the Z.āhirī school, Ibn H.azm’s
concept of ijmā‘ is quite different from those of other jurists.
In defending his concept and refuting those of his opponents, he based his
argument upon the literal meaning of the nas.s..
فَقُْلْتُ هَلْ عَيْبُهُمْ لِيْ غَيْرَ أَننَّيِْ لاَ * أَقـُوْلُ بِالرَّأْيِ إِذْ فِـيْ رَأْيِهِم فَـتَنُ
وَ أَنَّنِي مُولَعٌ بِالنَصِّ لـَسْتُ إِلىَ * سِوَاهُ أَنْحُـْو وَلَا فِيْ نَصْرِهِ أَهِـنُ
لَا أَنـْثَنِي نَحْوَ آرَاءٍ يُقَالُ بِهـَا * فِيْ الدِّيْنِ’ بَلْ حَسْبِيَ القُرْآنُ وَالسُّنَنُ
إبن حـزم*)
So, I said: ‘Do
they blame me for anything except that I do not uphold ra’y (personal
opinion in religion), as there are discords in their opinion,
‘And that I am in love with nas.s. (divine text), and I do not lean upon other than it,
nor shall I be weak in supporting it?
‘I will not incline towards any opinion
said in religion; nay, the Qur’ān and the Sunnah (practices of the
Prophet) suffice me.’
Ibn Ḥazm
*)
سعيد الأفغاني , إبن حزم الأندلسي و رسالته في المفاضلة بين
الصحابة (دمشق: المطبعة الهاشمية, ١٣٩٥\١٩٤٠), ص. ١٤٢
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT …………………………………………… iii
RÉSUMÉ
……………………………………………… iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS ………………….…………… vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
……………………… viii
TRANSLITERATION
SYSTEM ……………………… x
INTRODUCTION ………………………………… 1
Endnotes ……………………………………………… 3
Chapter
I. HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND ………..…………. 5
A.
The Background of Ibn
H.azm ………………. 5
1. A
Short Synopsis of Ibn H.azm’s
Life……… 5
2. Ibn
H.azm’s
Contact with Religious Scholars …… 7
B.
The Problems of the Definitions and
Occurrence of Ijmā‘ …………………………………. 17
1. The Definitions of Ijmā‘
………………………… 17
2.
The Occurrence of Ijmā‘ ……………………………… 25
Endnotes to Chapter I ……………………… 28
II. JUDICIAL BACKGROUND ………………………. 35
A. Ibn
H.azm’s View of the
Basis of Ijmā‘ ……….. 35
1. Qur’ān……………………………………………….. 41
2. Sunnah
………………………………….. 43
3.
Qiyās…….. ……….………..…………………… 52
B. Ibn H.azm
‘s View of the Types of Ijmā‘ ………. 53
1. Ijmā‘ on What is Known in
Religion by Necessity … 54
2. Ijmā‘
of the S.ah.ābah …………………………. 55
3. Ijmā‘
of the People of Madīnah ………….… … 63
4. Ijmā‘
where no Challenge is Known………………. 69
5. Ijmā‘ with One Challenge …………………
.. 73
Endnotes to Chapter II……………………………… 82
CONCLUSION …………………………………………… 94
GLOSSARY …………………………………………… 98
APPENDIX ………………………………………… 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………. 104
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to
express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Charles J. Adams, the former Director of
the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, and Dr. Hermann Landolt,
the former professor of this Institute for their support and encouragement in reading the draft of this work.
I wish to
express my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Karim Crow for editing and
proof-reading and Dr. H. Murtada Naqib
for his assistance and advice, especially in writing the second chapter of this
work.
My thanks also
go to Dr. Teddy Mantoro and others who
have contributed, in one way or another, to the completion of this study. I
sincerely express my deep thanks and appreciation for their support.
Canberra, December, 2011 M.A.S.
TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM
The
English transliteration for Arabic names and terms followed in this thesis is
as follows:
a. Consonants:
ا = a or ’ ب
= b ت
= t ث
= th ج
= j ح =
ḥ
خ = kh د
= d
ذ =dh ر = r
ز
= z س
= s ش
= sh ص
= ṣ
ض = d. ط = ṭ
ظ
= z. ع
= ‘
غ
=gh ف
= f ق
= q ك
= k ل
= l م = m
ن = n هـ
= h و
= w ي
= y ء
= ’ (like alif)
b. Vowels:
Short: long:
FatÊah: --َ-- = a ـا = ā
Kasrah:
--ِ-- = i
ـي
= ī
D.ammah: --ُ-- = u ـو
= ū
c.
Tā’ Marbūt.ah: ah, e.g., sūrah
(سُـوْرَة)
Tā’ Marbūt.ah in id.āfah: at, e.g., sūrat al-Baqarah (سُـوْرَةُ اْلبَقَـرَة)
d. Alif maqs.ūrah: á, e.g., qad.á (قَضَى)
and shūrá (شُوْرَى)
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